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Foundations of Civilization
Chapter 1 Section 3 Foundations of Civilization
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The Main Idea From farming villages arose cities, and with them, the first civilizations, marking the beginnings of recorded history. Objectives Why did some villages develop into cities? What characterized the world’s first civilizations, and where did they develop? What factors cause civilizations to change over time?
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I. From Villages to Cities
Villages grew and the first cities appeared City of Uruk, c BC
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I. From Villages to Cities
Improved agriculture and irrigation resulted in a food surplus Shadouf Irrigation
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I. From Villages to Cities
Fewer people needed to farm; others worked in different tasks – division of labor Egyptians artisans smelted copper and gold for artistic, architectural, and military purposes.
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I. From Villages to Cities
Cities – larger/more densely populated First known city - Uruk Uruk, 3000 BC : Population – 40,000 to 50,000 Size – 1000 acres
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I. From Villages to Cities
City populations more diverse: Village - families/clans; traditional economy City - unrelated people; complex economy
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I. From Villages to Cities
Formal organization in cities, were centers of trade Ancient Babylon, c. 600 BC
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II. The First Civilizations
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II. The First Civilizations
Civilizations - complex organized cultures with common characteristics
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Developed Cities – political, economic, and cultural centers Organized Government – laws/systems of justice, food production, taxation Harappa, Indus River Valley
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Formalized religion – priests, ceremonies, rituals Government and religion closely connected Egyptians saw their pharaoh as a god, more specifically as the god Horus Egyptian Gods Horus and Osiris and Pharaoh Seti I
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Specialization of labor: farmers, soldiers, artisans, merchants, etc. The earliest specializations were: baking, brewing, weaving, dyeing, carpentry, pottery-making, stone and metal-working; merchants, soldiers and artists; priests and healers; temple managers, bureaucrats, calendar-keepers, and scribes
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Social classes - People became ranked according to job, wealth, or influence
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Abstract writing for record keeping Calendars to keep track of events Cuneiform tablet
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A. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
Arts and architecture reflected beliefs, values, strength, and culture Mesopotamian Ziggurat Temple of Hephaistos
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III. Changes in Civilizations
Civilizations changed - some failed, others succeeded and grew
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III. Changes in Civilizations
Forces of nature Need for resources Expanded trade for scarce resources Salt mine in the Sahara Desert
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III. Changes in Civilizations
Cultural Diffusion - spread of ideas, customs, culture, and technology by migration, trade, and warfare Traders approaching Timbuktu in Mali Diffusion of language
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III. Changes in Civilizations
Warfare brought change: victors forced way of life upon defeated
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