1. Agenda diēs Mercuriī, a.d. xiii Kal. Oct. A.D. MMXVIII
HW Check: review worksheet 5
Review Independent Subjunctive Uses & Cum Clauses (Worksheet 5)
Purpose Clauses
Result Clauses
Pensum:
complete review worksheet 6
keep studying vocab. list 1
Latin Prose
Mr. Finnigan
Boston Latin School

2. Purpose Clauses
there are many different ways to express purpose in Latin, but the most common is through a subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb
express why or for what purpose something is done
there are THREE different types of purpose clauses:
Adverbial Purpose Clauses
Relative Clauses of Purpose
Indirect Commands (Substantive Clauses of Purpose)

3. Sequence of Tenses in Purpose Clauses
the tense of the subjunctive in the purpose clause depends on the tense of the main verb; this is called the sequence of tenses:
notice that only the pres. & impf. tenses are used
Sequence
Tense of MV
Tense of Subj. Verb
Base Trans. of Subj. Verb
Primary
Present
Future
Future Perfect
“may _____”
Secondary
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
“might _____”

4. Adverbial Purpose Clauses
function like adverbs (they modify the verbs)
introduced by ut (or utī) in the positive
introduced by nē in the negative
many different ways to translate purpose clauses; most common is to translate like an infinitive (to…)

5. Adverbial Purpose Clauses
Pugnāmus ut urbem defendāmus. We are fighting to defend the city. …in order to defend the city. …so as to defend the city. …for the purpose of defending the city. …so that we may defend the city. …in order that we may defend the city. …that we may defend the city.

6. Adverbial Purpose Clauses
Pugnābāmus nē urbem caperētur. We were fighting so that the city not be captured. …in order that the city might not be captured. …in order for the city to not be captured. …for the purpose of the city not being captured. …so that the city might not be captured.

7. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP)
introduced by the relative pronoun (quī, quae, quod)
if clause contains a comparative, usually introduced by quō
must have a clearly defined antecedent in the main clause
used to emphasize the purpose of the antecedent rather than of the whole clause
several different ways to translate

8. Relative Clauses of Purpose (RCoP)
Mīsērunt mīlitēs Rōmam quī urbem defenderent. They sent soldiers to Rome to defend the city. …who were to defend the city. …so that they might defend the city.

9. Indirect Commands
sometimes called substantive purpose clauses or ut noun clauses
substantive clauses are clauses that act like nouns
express a command given indirectly or politely; introduced by ut and nē
occur after verbs and expressions of asking, ordering, commanding, warning, advising, persuading, demanding and encouraging
can sound like infinitives when translated (“to”), but can also be translated using “that”
reflexives in ind. comm. refer back to subject of the verb introducing the ind. comm. (like in ind. statement)

10. Indirect Commands
verb introducing the ind. comm. takes its object in either the dative, accusative, or ablative (with ā/ab)
you need to memorize which take which
IMP (verbs with dative objects)
imperō (1): to order, command
mandō (1): to command, instruct
persuadeō (2): to persuade, convince
Nōbīs persuādit ut veniāmus.
She is persuading us to come.
…that we come.

11. Indirect Commands MOHR (verbs with accusative objects)
moneō (2): to warn, advise
ōrō (1): to beg, entreat; ask for
hortor (1): to urge, encourage, exhort
rogō (1): to ask
Mē rogāvit ut venīrem.
He asked me to come.
…that I come.

12. Indirect Commands PPQ (verbs with ā/ab + ablative objects)
petō (3): to demand, beg, ask (for)
postulō (1): to demand
quaerō (3): to ask, inquire; seek
Ā nobīs petunt ut veniāmus.
They are asking us to come.
…that we come.

13. Expressing Purpose in Latin
purpose gerunds and gerundives
ad + acc. of gerund or gerundive
causā or gratiā + gen. of gerund or gerundive
purpose supine
accusative of the supine after verbs of motion
purpose clause
adverbial purpose clause: ut/nē + subjunctive
relative clause of purpose: quī/quae/quod + subjunctive
indirect command: vb. of asking, ordering, etc. + ut/nē + subjunctive

14. Result Clauses

15. Result Clauses
the result of an action happening in the main clause is expressed by a subordinate clause that has its verb in the subjunctive mood
introduced by ut in the positive
introduced by ut nōn or ut + another negative (nēmō, nihil, nūllus, etc.) in the negative–but never by nē
there are two types of result clause:
Adverbial Result Clauses
Substantive Result Clauses
result clauses follow the same seq. of tenses as purpose clauses

16. Sequence of Tenses in Result Clauses
the tense of the subjunctive in the result clause depends on the tense of the main verb; this is called the sequence of tenses:
notice that this is the same as the SOT for purpose clauses
Sequence
Tense of MV
Tense of Subj. Verb
Base Trans. of Subj. Verb
Primary
Present
Future
Future Perfect
“may _____”
Secondary
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect
“might _____”

17. Adverbial Result Clauses
result clauses used as adverbs; generally there will be a word meaning “so” or “such” in the main clause
common so/such words:
sīc: in this way
ita: so, in such a way, thus
tam: so
tālis, tāle: such, of such a kind
tantus, -a, -um: so large, so great; such a large, such a great
tot: so many

18. Adverbial Result Clauses
Tempestās est tanta ut perterreāmur. The storm is so great that (as a result) we are scared. Illud sāxum erat tam grave ut nēmō id tollere posset. The rock is so heavy that (as a result) no one could lift it.

19. Substantive Result Clauses
substantive result clauses act as nouns, as either the subject or object of certain verbs
can be the object of a verb of causing or bringing about (e.g. efficiō, faciō, perficiō)
Caesar effēcit ut oppida caperētur.
Caesar brought (it) about that the city was captured.

20. Substantive Result Clauses
can be the subject of…
a verb of causing or bringing about when used in the passive (e.g. fiō)
a verb of happening or coming about (e.g. evenit, accidit)
an impersonal verb (e.g. necesse est)
Ēvēnit ut urbs caperētur.
It came about that the city was captured.
Illā nocte accidit ut lūna plēna esset.
On that night it happened that the moon was full.