1. ORACLE

2. SQL*Plus Environment

3. What is SQL*Plus? Oracle’s development environment
Used to write, test and debug SQL and PL/SQL code
Hasn’t changed much in 20 years

4. Command Line Editor list or list # change del
Example: /Featuer/Feature (can use any delimiter)
del
del (current line only)
del 3 7 (range of lines)
del 2 LAST (deletes from line 2 to the end of the buffer)
Do NOT use the word “delete”
clear buffer: clears out the SQL statement

5. Command Line Editor append input
Places text at the end of the current line without any spaces between the existing text & the appended text
input

6. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
set headsep: identifies the character that tells SQL*Plus when to split a title or column onto 2 or more lines
Default character: |
SQL> SELECT LNAME "Last_Name|Of|Employee"
will display
Last_Name Of
Employee
Set headsep !
ttitle: sets the title at the top of each page
ttitle ‘Sales by Product During 1901!Second Six Months’
If title should display an apostrophe, then use two single quotes
btitle: sets the title at the bottom of each page

7. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
column: tells SQL*Plus how to handle columns
Can be used to re-label column headings
column Item heading ‘What Was!Sold’
Can be used to specify column format
column Item format a18
column Rate format 90.99
zero tells SQL*Plus to pad the number with a zero (if necessary)
999,999,
Can be used to truncate data in column
column Item truncated (OR column Item trunc)
Can be used to wrap info column Item word_wrapped

8. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
column: tells SQL*Plus how to handle columns
Can be used to specify column format
Alphanumeric: column Item format a18
Numeric: column Rate format 90.99
Use nines and zeros to specify the numeric pattern
Examples: (a) 999,999,999 (b) 99.90
COLUMN Salary FORMAT $999,999.99
See “numeric formatting” in Oracle Complete Reference

9. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
break on: tells SQL*Plus where to break for subtotals and totals
break on Item skip 2
will not repeat the value in the Item column
Create one line for each unique Item value and skip 2 lines
break on Item duplicate skip 2
will repeat the value in the Item column
must be coordinated with the order by clause
break on report
tells SQL*Plus to provide a grand total for the report
Example: break on Item skip 2 on report
break on report on Item skip 2
compute sum: tells SQL*Plus to calculate subtotals
works in conjunction with the break on command

10. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
Basic rules for computing subtotals & totals:
Every break on must have a related order by
Consecutive break on commands will override the previous break on command
To create both subtotals & totals, combine the break on instructions as follows
break on X skip # on report OR
break on report on X skip #
where X = column name & # = lines to skip between sections
Every compute sum must have a related break on
Clear breaks and computes before setting up new ones

11. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
set linesize
sets the maximum number of characters allowed on any line; usually 70 or 80
set pagesize
sets the maximum number of lines per page; usually 66 lines
set newpage
sets the number of blank lines between pages

12. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
spool & spool off
Example: spool test.sql
run (/)
start
save
saves the SQL statements, but not the SQL*Plus commands
Example: save example.sql
(or save example.sql replace)
store
saves the current SQL*Plus environment
Example: store set my_settings.sql create
(or …replace or …append)

13. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
To check the current settings
column (or column column_name)
ttitle
btitle
break
compute
show headsep
show linesize
show pagesize
show newpage

14. Useful SQL*Plus Commands
To clear the current settings
ttitle off
btitle off
clear columns
clear breaks
clear computes

15. Useful System Tables User_Constraints User_Cons_Columns
Useful fields: constraint_name, table_name, constraint_type
constraint_type: C, P, R & U
User_Cons_Columns
Useful fields: constraint_name, column_name, position
SELECT column_name
FROM user_cons_columns
WHERE constraint_name=‘SYS_C ’;
Retrieving constraints defined by the user
WHERE CONSTRAINT_NAME NOT LIKE '%SYS%';

16. Useful System Tables user_sequences user_errors
Contains sequences owned by the current user
user_errors
Contains compilation errors for the current user
Use the ‘show errors’ SQL*Plus command to view the errors in the user_errors table

17. What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language operating on or using SQL
Combines the flexibility of SQL (4GL) with the power and configurability of the procedural constructs of a 3GL
Extends SQL by adding 3GL constructs such as:
Variables and types (predefined and user defined)
Control Structures (IF-THEN-ELSE, Loops)
Procedures and functions
Object types and methods

18. PL/SQL Constructs PL/SQL based on Ada language constructs
Block Structure
Error Handling
Variables and Types
Conditionals
Looping Constructs
Cursors

19. Introduction to PL / SQL

20. What Is PL / SQL
PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language operating on or using SQL
Combines power and flexibility of SQL (4GL) with procedural constructs of a 3GL
Extends SQL by adding
Variables and types
Control Structures
Procedures and functions
Object types and methods

21. File 3gl_4gl.sql Demonstrates both SQL and PL/SQL commands
DECLARE
v_NewMajor VARCHAR2(10) := 'History';
v_FirstName VARCHAR2(10) := 'Scott';
v_LastName VARCHAR2(10) := 'Urman';
BEGIN
UPDATE students
SET major = v_NewMajor
WHERE first_name = v_FirstName
AND last_name = v_LastName;
IF SQL%NOTFOUND THEN
INSERT INTO students (ID, first_name, last_name, major)
VALUES (student_sequence.NEXTVAL, v_FirstName, v_LastName, v_NewMajor);
END IF;
END; /