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Immune & Lymphatic System
How Does the Human Body Respond to Sickness?
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Disease Any changes, other than injuries, that disrupt the normal functions of the body Can be caused by inherited DNA, materials in the environment, or disease-causing agents (pathogens) Diseases caused by pathogens - infectious diseases
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Pathogens Viruses – influenza, smallpox, warts
Bacteria – strep, anthrax, botulism Protists – malaria, amebic dysentery Fungi – athlete’s foot, ringworm Worms – tapeworm, hookworm
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Spread of Disease Physical contact – air, blood, body fluids
Contaminated food & water – food poisoning, uncooked meat Infected animals (vectors) - ticks, mosquitos, fleas, mammals
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Fighting Disease Antibiotics Antiviral drugs
Healthy lifestyle – including rest, well-balanced diet, exercise, regular Dr. checkups, avoid harmful activities (alcohol, tobacco, drugs)
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How do we defend against these invaders?
Immune System Function: to fight infection by producing cells that destroy foreign substances
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Acquired Immunity Prevents a Person from Getting Sick
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Acquired Immunity Active – natural exposure or vaccine
Passive – antibodies transferred from mother to baby
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The immune system has many responses to pathogens and foreign cells
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Nonspecific Defenses 1st line – skin (most impt), secretions (mucus, tears, saliva, sweat) 2nd line – inflammatory response swelling, pain, fever
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Inflammatory Response
Skin Wound Bacteria enter the wound Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris Capillary
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From time to time, foreign invaders slip past the body’s 1st & 2nd lines of defense and initiates an immune response
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Cells & Proteins Fight the Body’s Infections
White Blood Cells: Phagocytes Destroy pathogens by surrounding and engulfing them
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Cells & Proteins Fight the Body’s Infections
White Blood Cells: Helper-T Cells Destroy body cells that are infected with pathogens
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Cells & Proteins Fight the Body’s Infections
White Blood Cells: B Cells Produce proteins (antibodies) that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell
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Cells & Proteins Fight the Body’s Infections
White Blood Cells: B Cells Bacterial Cell
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Cells & Proteins Fight the Body’s Infections
White Blood Cells: Memory Cells Specialized cells that “remember” a pathogen that previously invaded the body
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Think-Pair-Share Using your knowledge of B cells and memory cells, describe how vaccines work.
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Immune System Disorders
Allergies – Oversensitivity to a normally harmless agent. Autoimmune diseases – immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake Type 1 diabetes, arthritis, multiple sclerosis
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Immune System Disorders
AIDS - HIV attacks helper T cells
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Think-Pair-Share AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Given that the HIV virus invades helper T cells, explain why AIDS is an appropriate name.
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Lymphatic System Works with circulatory & immune system to remove fluid from tissues Lymph – fluid that leaves blood vessels & moves into tissues causing swelling Lymph nodes – trap microbes, can swell → sign of illness
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Importance of lymphatic system
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