1. Difference between Human and Computer
Computers perform complex computation, process a large amount of data, control devices and communicate instantly with high precision
Human
Humans are capable of performing computation without any instruction, and act according to circumstances
From the experience on solving various problems, humans are able to come up with better methods
Humans can process non-numeric data

2. Computer’s components
Hardware
Physical parts that contain electrical circuits
Software (Program)
A written program for hardware
Hardware alone does not work but together with software, they can be used for various purposes

3. Hardware

4. Function and Structure of Hardware
5 major functions of computers:
Store, Calculate, Control, Input, Output
Central processing Unit（CPU)
Input device
Processing unit
Control unit
Ouput device
Main memory
External memory
Control data

5. General view and function of Hardware CPU 1
Central Processing Unit
Control Unit: Manages the instructions and operation of devices in the computer
Arithmetic Logic Unit：Executes operations accordingly
Data is transferred into CPU from memory
Calculation is carried out on the data inside the CPU
Data is transferred back to memory from the CPU

6. General view and function of Hardware CPU 2
Clock
A signal generated at a fixed interval to synchronize the operation timing of every part in CPU
A shorter clock interval means faster CPU
Clock frequency(Hz)
The rate of cycles per second of clock signal (How many times clock signal is generated in one second)
Generally, the higher the frequency, the faster the CPU

7. General view and function of Hardware Storage devices
2 main types of Storage device
Primary storage (main memory)
Read and write speed is fast
Data stored in primary memory will be lost when the power is turned off
Secondary storage (external memory)
Read and write speed is slow
Data being stored here will NOT be lost when the power is turned off

8. General view and function of Hardware Main memory
Data will be stored by trapping a charge inside the semiconductor
Data being stored here will be lost when the power is turned off
Memory slot
Main memory

9. General view and function of Hardware Secondary storage 1
Hard disk
Stores data using the alignment of magnet field of particles on the platter’s surface
Data is stored on tracks, which is the circular path on the disk surface
The head (the silver triangle) is used to read and write from a specific track
Hard disk outside
Hard disk inside
画像出展：Impress PC Watch Intel Core搭載iMacハードウェアレポート

10. General view and function of Hardware Secondary storage 2
Other secondary storages
Floppy disk
USB flash disk
CD-ROM / CD-R / CD-RW
DVD
DVD Drive

11. General view and function of Hardware Performance of Storage Device
Capacity
How many bytes of data can be stored?
Access Speed
How many bits of data can be read/written in 1 second?
The access speed to main memory is usually several hundreds of thousands times faster than accessing secondary storages.

12. Main memory and external memory’s role
CPU
「Fukuzawa-sensei
is a Capricorn」
Main memory
Secondary storage
「Fukuzawa-sensei
is a Capricorn」

13. Main memory and external memory’s role
Saved as a file
Fukuzawa-sensei
CPU
「Fukuzawa-sensei
is a Capricorn」
Main memory
Secondary storage
「Fukuzawa-sensei
is a Capricorn」
「Fukuzawa-sensei
is a Capricorn」

14. General view and function of Hardware Input device
To deliver user’s intention into computer
To insert data into computer
Keyboard
Pointing devices
Mouse
Touchpad
Pen tablet
Scanner
Microphone
画像出展　The Apple Store

15. General view and function of Hardware Output device
To display process results graphically
Display
LCD
CRT
Printer
Speaker
画像出展　The Apple Store

16. 【Exercise】 Check your PC specification
Check the specification of your PC and fill out the form
Manufacturer, Model name
HDD or SSD（capacity），CPU(type, frequency），memory(capacity)，OS
Weight，display（size, resolution），External drive（type, format），battery lifetime
Dimension (width x height x depth)
Compare with others’

17. Software

18. Software (Program)
Hardware can not operate themselves (computer is just a box if there is no software installed)
A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute is called program
Different programs can process different data with different methods

19. What is the different between a computer and a calculator?
Procedures and data are in user’s mind
Users input data accordingly
Input speed is slow
Computer (= calculator + memory)
Program and data are stored inside (aka Neumann architecture)
CPU executes the calculation according to the program
High speed computation

20. Execution of Software Invoking Application
CPU
Execution
Instruction１
Instruction ２
・・・
Secondary storage
Main memory

21. Execution of Software Input/Output of Data
CPU
Execution
instruction
HTML
data
Secondary storage
Main memory

22. Basic Software and Application Software
Also called “application”
Used for a specific purpose and task
Word processor Software，Spreadsheet Software，Mail Software
Basic Software
Operating System (OS)
Helps applications to run smoothly by controlling the computer
Language Processor（Compiler）
Converts a high level language to machine language