1. Legal Responses to Global Crime COURSE SUMMARY
University Roma3
Ambassador Dr Ugljesa Ugi Zvekic

2. COURSE SUMMARY STRUCTURE
Global Crime Trends/SDGs and Global Crime
Transnational organized crime
Drug Trafficking and Abuse
Human Trafficking
Smuggling of Migrants
Corruption
Arms Trafficking
Terrorism
Environmental Crime
Conclusive Round Table
Class Discussions x 2

3. GEOPOLITICS and Global Crime
Issues & Risks
Geopolitics of Global Crime

4. TODAY: Issues & Challenges
Conflicts
Iraq; Syria; Lybia; Yemen; Mali; Nigeria; Ukraina
UN role marginalized
Tensions and new actors
USA and Russia
China EU
BRIC(S): Brazil, Russia, India, China (South Africa)
International scene
- G 7(8); G20; NAM; regional and subregional organizations (EU/AU/SADC/ECWAS/Surmercur)

5. TODAY: Risks* Economic and Financial Crisis Energy Security
Vulnerable communication and data systems- cyber attacks
Inequalities/ Unemployment/Labour Exploitation
Migration
Transnational Organized Crime/Corruption/Data Fraud and Theft
*World Economic Forum;: Global Risks 2015

6. TODAY: Risks (cont.) Climate Change Natural Catastrophies
Water and Food Security
Health: AIDS/Infectious Diseases/Cancer
Urbanization in developing world
Governance of emerging technologies
Human dignity and human rights

7. Crime Follow the trend lines, not the headlines
Perceived threats and risks of crime have increased over time
Two counterdictory trends:
FIRST: a decline in violent crime over time*
SECOND: an increase in global organized crime
accompanied by
THIRD: Increase in International Legal Responses and Cooperation
* Steven Pinker, Andrew Mack: Declining Violence in the World, 2014

8. Transnational Organized Crime
Trends and characteristics
UNTOC

9. Extent Impact What Is UNTOC? What Is UNTOC?
Transnational organized crime is not new but scale and scope have changed
New forms and methods of legitimization
Shifts in major illicit markets
Expansion of new criminal markets and demand for new commodities
Blurring of traditional producer, consumer and transit state typologies
Impact

10. Geopolitics of Transnational Criminal Flows and Markets
Suppliers of criminal flows: not anymore mostly from developing world and countries in transition
Receivers: not only North America and West/Central Europe; Asia
BUT
Geopolitical equilibration of suppliers and receivers of illicit capital flows, money laundering, corruption, orgainzed crimet

11. UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME
In force 2003
Almost universal ratification: 184
3 Protocols
A. Human Trafficking
B. Migrants Smuggling
C. Firearms

12. STRUCTURE ON UNTOC Defines and standardizes terminology
Requires States to criminalize specific conduct
Specific control measures (money-laundering, corruption etc.)
Confiscation of proceeds of crime
Cooperation (extradition, legal assistance, joint investigations, special investigative techniques, law enforcement cooperation etc.)
Training, research, information measures
Prevention
Technical provisions (signature, ratification etc.)

13. DRUGS
Drug trafficking and use
Drug Conventions

14. Recent trends in drug production, 2007 – 2011/12
Opium: decline ( )
Heroin: stable ( )
Cocaine: decline ( )
Cannabis: stable ( )
resin: some decline
herb: stable
Amphetamines: increase ( )
Ecstasy: decline ( )
‘New psychoactive substances strong increase ( /12)

15. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ANTI-DRUG FRAMEWORK
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988

16. DO NOT USE DRUGS ?
The issue of drug legalization for recreational use (Uruguay; WA; CO; OR;AL)

17. HUMAN TRAFFICKING & SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS
Trends and characteristics
Two Protocols

18. Breakdown of trafficking flows by geographical reach, 2010-2012

19. Detected forms of exploitation globally, 2011
Begging
Petty crime
Illegal adoption and baby selling
Forced marriage
Child soldiers
Pornography
Benefit fraud
mixed

20. AFRICA to EUROPE By land and sea
Western Route: from Senegal, Guinea, Mali
Central Route: from Nigeria, Ghana, Niger
Eastern Route: Eretria, Somalia, Sudan (Darfuf)
Costal Route (to Spain): Senegal, Mauritius, Western Sahara, Canary islands
Egypt to Greece/Turkey: Ionian & Adriatic Sea

21. ASIA to Europe The Balkan Route Afghanistan Iraq Syria Turkey
Greece – Macedonia-Serbia – EU
EU Response: deal with Turkey

22. Human Trafficking and Smuggling of Migrants
Common:
EXPLOATATION and EXTORTION
HUMAN SUFFERING
NO PROTECTION

23. Trafficking and Smuggling Protocols UNTOC
Trafficking in Persons (169 Parties)
Smuggling of Migrants (141 Parties)

24. TIP Protocol – elements of trafficking in persons
ACTION MEANS PURPOSE
Recruitment Threat Exploitation:
Transport Use of Force Sexual exploitation
Transfer Coercion Forced Labour
Harbouring Abduction Slavery or similar acts
Receipt of Fraud Removal of organs
persons Abuse of power Other forms of
or vulnerability exploitation
Giving payments
or benefits

25. SOM Protocol – Elements of Smuggling of Migrants

26. Trafficking UNTOC Protocol Arms Trade Treaty Geneva Declaration
FIREARMS
Trafficking
UNTOC Protocol
Arms Trade Treaty
Geneva Declaration

27. Global distribution: a largely civilian arsenal Contact: AKa
Figure based on RN 9.
Illustrates the importance of civilian holdings.
Source: Small Arms Survey

28. Top exporters ■ Austria ■ Germany ■ Spain ■ Belgium ■ Israel ■ Sweden
■ Brazil ■ Italy ■ Switzerland
■ Canada ■ Japan ■ Turkey
■ China ■ Norway ■ United Kingdom
■ Czech Rep. ■ Russian Fed. ■ United States
■ France ■ South Korea

29. Top importers ■ Australia ■ Germany ■ South Korea
■ Canada ■ Italy ■ Spain
■ Cyprus ■ Japan ■ Thailand
■ Egypt ■ Pakistan ■ Turkey
■ France ■ Saudi Arabia ■ United Kingdom
■ United States

30. Trafficking in Firearms Protocol UNTOC
Ratified: 114
Legally binding
Crime prevention and criminal justice perspective
Framework to combat the illicit manufacturing and trafficking
Investigation and prosecution of related offences

31. ARMS TRADE TREATY
Adopted by the UNGA on 2 April for; 3 against (Iran; North Korea and Syria) and 23 abstained (e.g.US; Russia; China) Entered into force on 24 December signatories 65 parties (ratified as of 30/3/2015)

32. ATT: PURPOSE
The first international, legally binding instrument to establish the ‘highest possible common international standards for regulating or improving the regulation of the international trade in conventional arms’ (Article 1).

33. The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development (2006)
First adopted by 42 states on 7 June 2006 Now signed by 113 countries The strongest political statement and commitment addressing the impact of armed violence on development

34. CORRUPTION
TRENDS
UNCAC and regional instruments

35. GLOBAL VIEW
6 billion people live in the countries with serious corruption problems (score less than 50)
2 out of 3 countries have serious corruption problem

36. SELECTED COUNTRIES RANK
ITALY Top: Denmark, NZ, Finland,
BELGIUM Singapore, Sweden, Norway
FRANCE 26
GERMANY 12
UK 14
USA 17
RUSSIA 139
CHINA Bottom: South Sudan,
SERBIA Lybia, Syria, Iraq

37. FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS BROBERY (OECD)

38. International Conventions against Corruption Basic Facts
Global Conventions: UNCAC (2003/2005)
UNTOC (2000/2003)
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (1997/1999)
Africa: AU /SADC/ECOWAS
Americas: OAS
Arab: Arab League
EUROPE: CoE/EU

39. TERRORISM
Terrorism of today: religious-based political socialization and territorial strongholds Territorial spread of strongholds (Iraq/Syria/Lybia/Mali/Somalia/Nigeria) and cell locations (Europe/USA/Russia) International membership (also from second generation migrants) It requires focused but comprehensive responses Beyond the security plane Developmental, political and human rights responses The role of the UN of utmost importance but still no universal single anti-terrorist convention

40. ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME
SDG 2030 – Goal 16 includes: combatting poaching and trafficking of protected species CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1975): protects 35,000 species but million more remain unprotected Organized Crime and Corruption play major role in ilicit trade on a global level Types: furniture, art, décor and jewellery, cosmetics and perfumes, food, tonics and medicines, zoos and breeding, seafood A need for criminal law protection

41. THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION AND CONTRIBUTION
HOPE YOU ENJOYED IT AS MUCH AS I DID
Ambassador Dr Ugljesa Ugi Zvekic