1. Ecosystems
a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment (things like air, water, and soil), interacting as a system

2. Weather
Day to day conditions in a particular time & place

3. Climate
Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in a region

4. Effect of Latitude on Climate

5. Effect of Latitude on Climate

6. Effect of Latitude on Climate
Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones

7. Effect of Latitude on Climate

8. Effect of Latitude on Climate
Polar, Temperate, Tropical Zones

9. Greenhouse Effect
Natural situation in which heat is retained by layer of greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 , H2O vapor)

10. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

11. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

12. Heat Transport in the Biosphere
Warm air rises, cold sinks… air currents (AKA winds)

13. Prevailing Winds
blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth's surface

14. Land Masses
Can interfere or affect wind patterns

15. Ocean Currents

16. Biotic vs. Abiotic affects on an Ecosystem
Biotic: biological influences on organisms in an ecosystem
Abiotic: Physical (non-living) factors that shape ecosystem (temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil, sunlight)
Both determine survival & growth of organisms AND productivity of the ecosystem where the organisms live

17. Habitat
Area where an organism lives

18. Habitat

19. Niche
Niche: the unique role an organism plays in a community, its “job” , unique to individual

20. Niche
Organism’s “occupation”

21. Niche

22. Community Interactions
Competition: same or different species try to use resource at same place or time
Resource: any necessity (water, nutrients, light, food, space)

23. Competition Exclusion Principle
Two species cannot occupy same niche in same habitat at same time
One will “win” (survive); the other will not

24. Predation
One organisms captures/eats another
Predator/Prey

26. Symbiosis
Two species living closely together

27. Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
Clownfish (protected, eat “leftovers” & Anemones)

28. Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
Elephants & Birds (eat bugs the elephants disturb, are led to water)

29. Commensalism One benefits, other neither helped nor harmed
Barnacles (filter feeders) & Whales

30. Commensalism

31. Mutualism
Both species benefit (crocodile: food stuck in teeth , bird: eats the food…cleaning teeth and preventing infections)

32. Mutualism
Both species benefits (pollen & nectar = food)

33. Mutualism
Both species benefit (pollination/food)

34. Mutualism
Clownfish (scares away butterfly fish that eat anemones/waste provides food source)
Anemone (provide protection)

35. Mutualism

36. Parasitism One lives in/on another and benefits BUT harms the host
Tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice

37. Parasitism

38. Pop Quiz Hermit crabs live in shells made and then abandoned by snails
Cuckoo birds lay eggs in a warbler’s nest. The cuckoo’s young displace the warbler’s young and will be raised by the warbler
Certain ants live in the thorny acacia trees, feeding on their sap & raising their young in the hollow thorns, also repelling harmful insects and biting off competing vines

39. Ecological Succession
Predictable changes that occur in a community over time

40. Primary Succession Occurs on surface where no soil exists
After lava cools (post volcano eruption)

41. Primary Succession Occurs on surface where no soil exists
Post glacier melting/receding

42. Primary Succession Barren surface
Pioneer species = 1st species to populate

43. Lichens Break down rock
Often fungus with alga or bacteria living symbiotically

45. Secondary Succession
Land is clear, but soil remains
Wild fire

46. Secondary Succession
Land is clear, but soil remains
Clear cut

47. Secondary Succession
Land is clear, but soil remains

52. Climax Community
Species best adapted to average conditions in the area

53. Pioneer vs. Climax Community