1. Historical Overview

2. Mohamed: Merchant, Prophet, Political Leader
Revelation: From Merchant to Prophet
Hijra 622
Birth of the Umma, Community of Believers
Tribal loyalties replaced with a broader community identity
The first Islamic State, Constitution of Medina

3. The Rashidunn (Sunni)
Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Kittab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib
The Wars of Apostasy (Rida Wars)
Of the six major centres of the revolt four of the leaders of the movement offered competing claims to being prophets themselves.

4. Khalifa The Origins of Sectarianism

5. The Rise of Empires The Umayyads
Early and rapid expansion out of Arabia
Faced issues of administration not previously encountered
Failed to earn legitimacy in religious terms

7. The Abbasids 750 – 1258
Consolidate the relationship between, umma, Caliph and Ulema
Creation of a formalised Sharia
Closing the ‘Gates of Ijtihad’

9. The Crusades

10. Rise of the Ottomans 1258 Mongol Invasion and the Fall of Baghdad
Emergence of the Turku-Seljuk State 13th C
Changing nature of the relationship between religion and the state
Cooption of the Ulema

11. Ottoman Empire 1683
1683 September 11 Battle of Vienna. Ottoman defeat.

12. Al-Afghani, Salafism and Reformation
Reaction to colonization and civilizational decline
Salafism
What accounts for the decline of Islamic civilisation?
Opening the ‘Gates of ijtihad’
Liberal and radical reformers

14. World War I, 1914-18 Ottomans military weakness evident
The geopolitical game was to see who would pick up the pieces once the empire came apart.
Ottoman goals during the First World War : Hinder Russian aggression, Recover the Balkans
1) Stalemate
2) , Arab uprisings in the Hejaz and Syria
The United States entered the war in April 1917 and the Bolshevik Revolution took Russia out of the war in October 1917

15. The Arab Revolt 5 June 1916 Attack on the Ottoman garrison at Medina
By the end of July the ports of Jiddah, Yanbu and Rabegh were under Arab control. Supported by British forces
Lieutenant T.E. Lawrence –Lawrence of Arabia
Battle of Meggido in September 1918
October 1918 Damascus falls
November 1918 Ottomans sign armistice

16. Sykes-Picot Agreement The Great Betrayal
Secret agreement between United Kingdom and France
Divided the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of future British and French control
Lloyd George “I am very keen to see a Jewish state established in Palestine.“ ”

17. The End of the Caliphate and the Birth of the Turkish State
Treaty of Sèvres 1920
Caliphate abolished March 3, 1924.
Abdulmecid II was the last caliph of Islam
No framework for united and identity
Mecca (632) Damascus (662) Baghdad (751) Cairo (1262) Istanbul (1517) Terminated(1924)
Reborn 2014?