1. Chapter 2

2. Section 1
Matter is described by its properties and may undergo changes.
Everything in the universe that you can see is made up of matter.

3. Matter and Volume
All matter takes up space, therefore all matter has volume.
Objects with volume cannot occupy the same space at the same time.

4. Volume of liquids
The volume of a liquid can be measured using a graduated cylinder.
To determine the volume of a liquid, take a reading at the bottom of the meniscus. The reading will usually be in milliliters.
The meniscus is the curve at the surface of the liquid.

5. Volume of regularly shaped objects
The volume of a solid object is determined by measuring the length, width, and height of the object and then calculating.
The formula to determine the volume of a square or rectangle is
V = l × w × h
The formula to determine the volume of a cylinder is
V = π (r2)h
The basic units on volume for solid objects are cubic meters (m3). The basic unit may have a prefix in front of it (cm3).

6. Volume of an irregularly shaped object
To determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object, use the water displacement method.
Put enough water in the graduated cylinder to cover the object.
Measure the amount of water in the cylinder. Take a reading at the bottom of the meniscus. The units will usually be in milliliters. Record this as your start volume.
Place the object in the graduated cylinder gently. Avoid splashing.
Find the new volume. Record this as the final volume
The amount of water displaced by the object is equal to its volume.
Volume of object = final volume – start volume
The volume of liquids can be expressed in liters or cubic units because of the following mathematical relationship:
1 ml = 1 cm3

7. Matter and mass All matter has mass.
The mass of an object is the same, no matter where in the universe it is located.
An object’s mass only changes if the amount of matter making it up changes.
Weight is a measure of the force with which gravity pulls on an object’s mass.
Since weight is a force, the unit on weight is a Newton (N).
All objects with mass exert a gravitational pull.

8. Matter and mass
The strength of the gravitational pull on an object is determined by 2 factors:
by the mass of the objects involved (bigger mass = bigger gravity)
by the distance between the objects involved (bigger distance =smaller gravity)
The greater an object’s mass, the stronger the pull of gravity will be on the object and the greater the object’s weight will be.
For every 1 kg of s an object has, gravity pulls on that object with a force of 9.8 N. (on earth)
Weight = mass (in kg) x gravity
W = m × g
Acceleration due to gravity (on earth) = 9.8 m/s2 = g
An object’s weight changes depending on where it is in the universe because gravity’s pull is not the same everywhere in the universe.
More massive planets such as Jupiter have stronger gravitational pulls, so your weight would be greater if you could stand on that planet.

9. inertia
Inertia is defined as the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.
Mass is a measure of inertia because the greater an object’s mass, the greater its inertia.
The greater an object’s mass the harder it is to stop or start moving.

10. Section 2: Physical Properties
Knowing the properties of an unknown object can help you determine the identity of the object.

11. Freezing/Melting Point
Physical properties
A physical property is defined as a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity.
Properties DESCRIBE something. They are like adjectives!
Examples of physical properties Density is one of the easiest-to-identify properties.
The greater the density the greater the likelihood the matter will sink. The lower the density the greater the likelihood the matter will float.(see picture p 46)
The density of water is 1 g/ml (or 1 g/cm3). That is the standard to which all other densities are compared.
Physical Properties
Color
Shape
Density
Odor
Size
Solubility
Mass
Conductivity
Freezing/Melting Point
Volume
Malleability
Boiling Point
State of Matter
Ductility
Magnetism
Strength

12. Physical changes: Do not form new substances
A physical change is defined as a change that affects only the physical properties of a substance. No change in identity occurs.
Examples of physical changes:
change in size
change in shape
change in state
dissolving
anything that does NOT change the identity

13. Besides physical properties, matter also has chemical properties.
Section 3
Besides physical properties, matter also has chemical properties.

14. Chemical properties
Chemical properties are defined as characteristics of matter that are based on its ability to change into new matter that has different properties.
Examples of chemical properties:
Flammability/combustibility – ability to burn
reactivity – ability to combine with other substances
acidity (pH) – measure of if it is an acid or a base
Chemical properties are not as easily observed as physical properties.

15. Chemical changes and new substances
A chemical change is where one or more substances are changed into new substances that have properties that are different than the original substances.
Chemical properties describe which chemical changes will and will not occur.
Chemical changes are the processes by which substances actually become new substances.
Chemical changes change the identity of matter. Some chemical changes can be reversed by additional chemical changes.
Physical changes can usually be easily reversed.
Examples of Chemical Changes
rust
spoilage
burning
baking
Formation of a gas from a solid and a liquid
Formation of a solid from two liquids (precipitate)
Evidence of a Chemical Change
Color change
Production of heat
Odor Change
foaming
Fizzing
Emission of sound/light