1. BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CELL MS. DAY HONORS GENETICS

2. Bacterial Cell (Prokaryote)
Recall: CELL TYPES
Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
(Eukaryote)
Plant Cell
(Eukaryote)
Bacterial Cell (Prokaryote)
**SMALLEST

3. PROKARYOTES…in detail
Nucleoid region (center of cytosol) contains the DNA (NO nucleus)
Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins
Has cilia for reproduction and flagella for movement
PROKARYOTES…in detail

4. TWO MAIN TYPES OF TYPICAL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

5. CELL ORGANELLES MS. DAY HONORS GENETICS

6. ORGANELLES Very small Perform various functions for cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound

7. BASIC ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

8. BASIC PLANT CELL ORGANELLES

9. CELL OR PLASMA MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE
Made of double layer (bilayer) of:
phospholipids and proteins
Surrounds outside of ALL cells
FUNCTION (JOB)
Controls what enters or leaves the cell
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains

10. CELL WALL STRUCTURE Found in: plants Made of cellulose Fungi
Made of chitin
Bacteria
Made of peptidoglycan
NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS!!!
FUNCTION (JOB)
Protect
Maintain shape
CELL WALL
Cell wall

11. CYTOPLASM STRUCTURE Jelly-like substance Mostly water aqueous solution
FUNCTION (JOB)
Provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place in
Holds organelles in place
cytoplasm

12. NUCLEUS STRUCTURE Contains the DNA
Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
Usually the largest organelle
FUNCTION (JOB)
Controls the normal activities of the cell

13. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (membrane)
STRUCTURE
Double membrane  surrounds nucleus
Contains nuclear pores (holes)
Connected to the rough ER
FUNCTION (JOB)
pores (holes) allow materials to enter & leave nucleus
Nuclear pores

14. NUCLEOLUS STRUCTURE Inside nucleus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli
Disappears when cell divides
FUNCTION (JOB)
Makes ribosomes (ribosomal subunits)

15. CYTOSKELETON STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB) Made of proteins
Microfilaments are threadlike
Microtubules are tube-like
FUNCTION (JOB)
Network of fibers that help cell maintain cell shape
Also help move organelles around

16. Table 6.1

17. MITOCHONDRION (PLURAL = MITOCHONDRIA)
STRUCTURE
Bean shape
DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA and ribosomes
FUNCTION (JOB)
“Powerhouse” of cell
Makes cellular energy (ATP)
Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

18. INTERESTING FACT ---
Mitochondria Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

19. CHLOROPLASTS STRUCTURE Bean shape DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA and ribosomes
FUNCTION (JOB)
Carries out photosynthesis
NOT in animal OR fungi cells
In plants and some protists

20.  RIBOSOMES STRUCTURE Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
Think: “RIB”s are meat; meat is protein
FUNCTION (JOB)
Make proteins using amino acids
Process called TRANSLATION 

21. RIBOSOMES (CON’T) Can be attached to Rough ER
(makes proteins that exit cell)
**Think: “a”ttached = “a”way OR
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
(proteins made stay INSIDE cell)

22. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
STRUCTURE
Has ribosomes on its surface
FUNCTION (JOB)
Helps to make proteins for export out of cell

23. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
STRUCTURE
Has NO ribosomes on its surface
Usually attached to RER
FUNCTION (JOB)
Makes lipids (membranes)
Regulates calcium (muscles)
Destroys toxins (Liver)

24. GOLGI APPARATUS (Bodies)
STRUCTURE
Hollow flattened sacs
Looks like a stack of pancakes with syrup dripping off
FUNCTION (JOB)
Receives cell products (like proteins) from Rough ER
Modifies (changes) and packages proteins for shipment OUT of the cell
Proteins are packages into vesicles (the “syrup drips”)
Transport vesicle

25. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

26. CENTRIOLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB)
Found only in animal cells inside CENTROSOMES
Paired structures near nucleus (“t” shape”)
Made of microtubules
FUNCTION (JOB)
Appear during cell division
Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

27. CENTRIOLES (INSIDE CENTROSOMES) & THE MITOTIC SPINDLE
**Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)

28. LYSOSOMES STRUCTURE FUNCTION (JOB) Have a low pH (acidic)
Contain digestive enzymes
FUNCTION (JOB)
Break down food, bacteria & old cell parts
Help carry out cell death (APOPTOSIS)
Think= “Lysol” cleaner
Usually only in animal cells
(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome contains
active hydrolytic
enzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolytic
enzymes digest
food particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Digestive
Nucleus

29. CILIA & FLAGELLA STRUCTURE Made of protein tubes called microtubules
Shorter
more numerous
Flagella
Longer
fewer (usually 1-3)

30. Moves fluids or small particles across cell surface
CILIA & FLAGELLA
FUNCTION (JOB) of Flagella
Moves WHOLE cells
FUNCTION (JOB) of Cilia
Moves fluids or small particles across cell surface

31. NOW…LET’S PRACTICE 