1. SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS Ambassador Dr Uglješa Ugi Zvekić*
Based on “ Survive and Advance: The economics of smuggling migrants and refugees to Europe” by Tuesday Reitano and Peter Tinti, ISS Paper 289/November 2015.

2. Why Smuggling?
Violent conflicts, long-term repressive policies, unemployment, chronic poverty, inequality, corruption, lack of opportunity and aspirations for the better
No global or regional strategy and means to respond
Highly responsive SMUGGLING industry

3. Smugglers services Full package Pay as you go
Smugglers: a bridge over the countries, regions and continents

4. History of “routes” and roots”
Neither the ROUTES – nor the roots – of the contemporary migration are new; these were craved long time ago

6. ROUTES The Mediterranean (2016: 181.436) The Aegean (2016: 173.561)
East, West and Horn of Africa
Via Lybia and Egypt
ITALY
The Aegean (2016: )
Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan
Via Turkey
Greece
Balkans
GERMANY, AUSTRIA; SCANDINAVIA

7. The Meditteranean Egypt (decreased) Syria, Eritrea, Somalia to ITALY
Lybia (increased)
Mali, Chad, Niger, Nigeria to ITALY
Marocco to SPAIN
Most dangerous; long earth and sea crossing

8. The Aegean/Balkans Syria
Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Turkey
Greece
The Balkans (Macedonia; Serbia; Croatia; Bulgaria; Romania)
Hungary
Germany, Austria, Scandinavia

9. North America/Australia
USA
Colombia; Quatemala, Honduras; Il Salvador; Ecuador, Haiti and
MEXICO
USA and Canada
Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia; Laos, China
Australia
Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar

10. AFRICA Kenya: from Somalia Egypt: Syria, Eritrea
Lybia: Chad, Mali, Niger, Nigeria

12. Smugglers services Full package Pay as you go
Smugglers: a bridge over the countries, regions and continents

14. Smugglers “know-how” Specialized knowledge of: routes equipment
local community
law enforcement community
Corruption
Counterfeiting
contacts with receivers on the “other side”
diaspora
informal economy “rules and regulations”

15. Smugglers ring in Turkey
Izmir and Bodrun
Collectors: from migrant community
Insurance/ third party: control over money
No high level organized crime
Mid-level organized crime: procurement of contacts and boats
Low-level organized crime: men on the beaches arranging human cargo
Petty criminals: e.g sim cards
Ordinary citizens: life jackets; restaurants; hotels; taxi

17. Criminalization of migrants
Along the journey exposed to violence by other migrants from the same ethnic group, from another ethnic group or local bandits
Robbed and extortion by service providers of transport, lodging and border crossing
Bribery chain: from collectors through law- level criminals to border control officials and accommodation officials
Corruption: within the illicit and licit spheres
Criminalized by the transit and/or recipient country officials

18. Just a wave or a Trend ? USA: from Mexico USA/Canada: from Asia
Europe: from conflict zones; from ex- colonies
Europe: wars and the Arab Spring
Europe: the role of diaspora-a perennial facilitator for legal and illegal migration

19. RESPONSE Law Enforcement and Military
Walls: USA, Hungary; Austria; Bulgaria; France
Deportation Islands: Australia
EU: no strategy but
Turkey (6 Billion EURO)
Lybia
Defiance of human rights; no investments
Criminilizaton/Corruption

20. BEYOND DEFENSE Security – exclusive strategy: cjs and military
Smuggling markets
Slow asylum requests procedure
EU/Australia: illegal migrants vs legal asylum seekers
Only war-torn but not poverty-stricken
Yet, neither peace-building nor economic development

21. Vested Interests Effects of migration:
On recipient country/region: economy and demographics
On source country: Remittances (in some countries - West Africat -the second largest foreing-based investment)
officilas participating in the corruption chain have no interest to implement anti-smuggling policies
Smugglers – choose other criminal options
Managing migration