1. TRENDS IN ASSORTATIVE MARRIAGE
Kafayat Mahmoud

2. Christine R. Schwartz and Robert D
Christine R. Schwartz and Robert D. Mare (2005)- Trends in Educational Assortative Marriage from 1940 to 2003
Jan Van Bavel, Christine R. Schwartz and Albert Esteve (2018)- The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Its Consequences for Family Life

3. Schwartz & Mare (2005)
Different marriage patterns have implications for the formation of families
Rise in assortative marriage since the 1960s
Used the IPUMS-CPS ( ) and Census datasets ( ) datasets; time series analysis
Prevailing marriages and Newlyweds
Examined whether educational homogamy continued through 2003; and how the changes vary across educational distribution

4. Schwartz & Mare (2005)
3 explanations for the increase in assortative marriage
The structuring effects of educational institutions and the expansion of education overtime
Increased sex symmetry in the competition for mates suggests increased assortative marriage
Increased social and economic distance between education groups
Increased cohabitation rates, declining percentage of men and women who ever marry

5. Schwartz & Mare (2005) Descriptive statistics
Proportion of women more educated than their husbands was higher between 1940 and 1960,
Reversed in favor of men between 1960 and 1970
From 1970s onwards, women were the more educated partner
Between 1940 and 1960, for both prevailing marriages and newlyweds, homogamous marriages declined
But steadily rose till the 2000s

6. Schwartz and Mare (2005)

7. Schwartz and Mare (2015) : Trends in the Odds of Homogamy

8. Schwartz and Mare (2005)
Odds of Crossing

9. Schwartz and Mare (2005)

10. Schwatrz and Mare (2005) Conclusion
Higher odds of educational homogamy since than in any other than in any other decade
Trends in higher odds of intermarriage at the top
Trends in economic inequality across education groups since 1940 correspond relatively well to the trends in the odds of homogamy
Increasing competition for high-earning, high educated partners may have contributed to increases in the semblance of spouses

11. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
Women have increasingly surpassed men in the attainment of academic credentials, also known as the reversal of gender gap in education (RGE)
Reviewed recent trends in union formation and assortative marriages

12. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
The Education-Specific Partnering Squeeze
Physical Attractiveness (1939 and 1996)
Convergence of male and female preferences in their spouses, due to increased female independence
Aversion to female dominance in relationships has declined
Convergence in mate preferences has narrowed concurrently with national measures of gender equality
Women still prefer partners with good economic prospects

13. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
Rates of Union Formation
RGE may affect union formation through compositional changes and shifting preferences
Compositional shifts
Overtime, higher earnings has become associated with higher likelihood of marriage for women

14. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
Shifting Patterns of Assortative Mating
Rising rates of educational homogamy in both Europe and the United States
This may hide the maintenance of more traditional matching patterns
Both men and women prefer spouses with good economic prospects

15. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
The Division of Paid and Unpaid Work
Economic Dependence Model
Doing Gender: Gender Display
Relative Earnings
Doing and Undoing Gender: Although men increase their household chores when wives earn more, women still do most of the house work and child care

16. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
Union Stability
The more common hypo gamy becomes, the less prone it is to dissolution
It could be due to delayed marriage, weakening of norms of female homemaker - male breadwinner norm

17. Bavel, Schwartz and Esteve (2018)
Conclusion
Education is now positively associated with union formation for men as well as women
Hypogamous relationships are less prone to divorce