1. Chapter 4
Hazards

2. The Terrorism Hazards
The threat or risk posed by terrorism has introduced an expanded, and in some cases, new, set of hazards
These hazards join the numerous traditional natural and technological hazards managed by emergency management agencies

3. 4 Principal Categories of Terrorism Hazards
Explosives
Chemical Agents
Biological Agents
Nuclear / Radiological Agents
CBRNE = Chemical, Biological, Radiological/ Nuclear, and Explosive

4. Other Terrorism Hazards
Armed attack using firearms or other tactics
Cyber-terrorism

5. Differences Between Terrorism and Traditional Hazards
Knowledge about the traditional hazards, as a result of years of research, occurrence and response and recovery, is extensive. This is not so with Terrorism
The intent of the terrorist threat differs from traditional hazards in that events are deliberate and are done for the sake of creating death, destruction, and fear

6. Who is vulnerable? Rural areas? Major US Cities? US Interests Abroad?
Everyone is a potential victim to some degree
Perceptions tend to overstate risk

7. New Issues to Consider Detection Containment Control Quarantine
Vaccination
Others

8. Conventional Explosives and Secondary Devices
The easiest to obtain and use of all terrorist weapons
May be used to cause massive local destruction or to disperse chemical, biological, or radiological agents
Components are readily available, as are detailed instructions on constructing a device

9. Chemical Agents
Intended to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people through physiological effects
Can be introduced via:
Aerosol devices (munitions; sprayers; aerosol generators)
Breaking containers
Covert dissemination

10. Chemical Agents
Most chemical attacks will be localized, and their effects will be evident within a few minutes
Chemicals can be non-persistent (last minutes) or persistent (can last from hours to weeks, or longer)

11. Examples of Chemical Agents
Hydrogen Cyanide
Sulfur Mustard (Mustard Gas)
Sarin
Phosgene
Tear Gas BZ

12. Biological Agents
Natural or modified bacteria, virus, toxin, or other pathogen that is deliberately released for the purpose of causing incapacitation, injury, or death to human, animal, or plant life.

13. Recognition of Biological Agents
Can occur through several methods, including:
Identification of a credible threat
Discovery of bioterrorism evidence (devices, agent, clandestine lab)
Diagnosis (identification of a disease caused by an agent identified as a possible bioterrorism agent)
Detection (gathering and interpretation of public health surveillance data)

14. Biological Agents
The incubation period may range from several hours to a few weeks, depending on the exposure and pathogen
Unlike explosives or some hazardous chemicals, the initial detection and response to a biological attack on civilians is likely to be made by direct patient care providers and the public health community

15. Examples of Biological Agents
Anthrax
Smallpox
Plague
Salmonellosis
Typhoid Fever
BotulismTularemia

16. Nuclear / Radiological
3 Forms of Nuclear / Radiological Attack:
Improvised nuclear device (IND) - explosive device designed to cause a nuclear yield.
Radiological dispersal device (RDD) employing an explosive device utilized to spread radioactive material upon detonation.
RDD that spreads radiological material without the use of an explosive

17. Nuclear / Radiological
The difficulty of responding to a nuclear or radiological incident is compounded by the nature of radiation itself. In an explosion, the fact that radioactive material was involved may or may not be obvious, depending upon the nature of the explosive device used

18. Combined Hazards
Agents can be combined to achieve a synergistic effect-greater in total effect than the sum of their individual effects
Agents may be combined to achieve both immediate and delayed consequences
Combinations can complicate or delay diagnosis
Multiple agents can take advantage of the reduced effectiveness of certain protective measures
Multiple incidents can be deployed in single or multiple municipalities
Example: The Dirty Bomb

19. Armed Attacks Terrorists may employ tactical methods
Of 14,352 attacks in 2006, 67% involved armed assault.
Terrorist attacks using more simple methods of attack can be devastatingly effective, together causing over 50% of all terrorism fatalities worldwide in 2006 (as well as in 2005)

20. Role of CDC in Preparedness and Response
Centers for Disease and Control (CDC) have become full partners in the nation’s emergency management system
CDC helps the nation to prepare for WMD incidents, and would be the chief public health entity to respond to them
CDC would assist and advise the Lead Federal Agency and the State and local health departments
CDC could deploy the National Pharmaceutical Stockpile

21. Cyber-Terrorism The newest of all terrorist attack methods
The use or destruction of computing or information technology resources aimed at harming, coercing, or intimidating others in order to achieve a greater political or ideological goal
Threat continues to grow as reliance on information technology, computers, and the internet grows
Has been a private sector concern since the 1980s
Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 7: Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection

22. Cyber-Terrorism Continued
National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) has two primary objectives, namely:
Build and maintain an effective national cybersecurity response system
Implement a cyber-risk management program for protection of critical infrastructure
NCSD Mission: “Protect the critical cyber infrastructure 24 hours a day, 7 days a week”
Examples of current cyber preparedness and response programs include:
Cyber Security Preparedness
The National Cyber Alert System
US-CERT