1. Chapter 10.1: Organic chemistry fundamentals
Isomers
Review: Types of carbon atoms: primary, secondary, terTiary
Saturation of hydrocarbons

2. Physical property trends of organic molecules
Overall, organic compounds are made of two parts:
Hydrocarbon skeleton (framework)
Differs in size in members of same homologous series
meth-, eth-, prop-, etc.
Functional group
Differs in type in different homologous series
-OH, -COOH, -CHO, etc.
Know the trends of bonding from chapter 4 AND:
Increase in #C = increase in B.P.
Branching of chain = decrease in IMFs  decrease in M.P.

3. In some cases, it is necessary to insert a number into the name to indicate which carbon the functional group is joined to.
Example:
Both of these molecules could be described as butene. But they are not identical what is the difference? What would be the name of each according to IUPAC conventions?
Both have exact molecular formula ( C4H8 ) but are not identical. Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms.

4. Isomers
Isomer: compounds with same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements

5. Structural Isomers
Structural isomers: same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms
Ex. C4H10
Draw the isomers for C6H14
How many are there?
Can you name them?

6. Structural Isomers
Structural isomers: same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms
Each isomer is unique and has individual chemical and physical properties
Larger the molecule, the more isomers!
C7H16

7. Structural Isomers – alkanes
C4H10 has how many isomers?
Draw them
Name them
C5H12 has how many isomers?
C6H14 has how many isomers?
Check your work on page !

8. Structural Isomers – alkenes
C4H8 has how many isomers?
Draw them
Name them
C5H10 has how many isomers?
C6H12 has how many isomers?
Check your work on page 475!
The same process can be used for alkynes!

9. Structural Isomers – 1°, 2°, 3° carbons
Carbons can also be primary, secondary and tertiary

10. Degree of unsaturation – index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD) Page 553 (chapter 11.3)
IHD: A measure of how many H2 molecules, in theory, are needed to convert a molecule to the corresponding saturated, non-cyclic molecule

11. Arenes AKA aromatics Class of compounds derived from benzene (C6H6)
Called aromatics
Aromatics have the phenyl/benzene ring,
Aliphatics are non-aromatic
Include other cyclo-compounds
Aromatic or aliphatic?

12. Arenes - benzene
Benzene does not behave like other unsaturated molecules
Double bonds can undergo addition RXNs (adding something to double bond) BUT, benzene does not like to undergo this kind of RXN
High degree of unsaturation (has 3 double bonds)
The molecule is symmetrical
Has no isomers
Why so special?

13. Arenes - benzene
Delocalized electrons are responsible for the stable, relatively unreactiveness of benzene
Know: hybridization of C, # of σ and π bonds, angle, shape
Use:

14. Properties of Benzene
You should know the properties of benzene (p )

15. Arenes - benzene

16. Properties of Benzene continued