1. Prokaryotic Cells Vs. Eukaryotic Cells

2. Now that we have learned how living things are organized what’s next?
We will learn more about the lowest level of organization: cells
What is the first thing that we need to know about cells?
All cells fall into one of the two major classifications of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

4. What’s the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic cells were here first and for billions of years were the only form of life on Earth. All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular
Eukaryotic cells appeared on earth long after prokaryotic cells but they are much more advanced. Eukaryotic organisms unlike prokaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular.

6. Glow in the dark squid… how does it do that?

7. Vibrio fischeri
Glow in the dark bacteria
Helps it survive in the ocean
Lives in fish and other marine life

8. Let’s Take a Look at the Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are the simplest type of cell.
Oldest type of cell appeared about four billion years ago.
Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms
Prokaryotes unicellular organisms that are found in all environments.

9. Let’s Take a Look at the Characteristics of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane . Their circular shaped genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm.
Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles .
Prokaryotes have a simple internal structure.
Prokaryotes are smaller in size when compared to Eukaryotes.

10. Shapes of Prokaryotes Cocci = spherical (round)
Bacillus = (rod shaped)
Spirilla = helical (spiral)

11. What do prokaryotic cell look like?

12. Now let’s take a look at the characteristics of eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells appeared approximately one billion years ago
Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes
Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material (DNA)

13. Is there more? Yes!!!
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have several different parts.
Prokaryote’s organelles have coverings known as membranes.
Eukaryotes have a complex internal structure.
Eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes in size .

14. What do eukaryotic cells look like?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Golgi Complex
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Membrane

15. How do the differences line up?
Prokaryotes
Organelles lack a membrane
Ribosomes are the only organelles
Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm (DNA and RNA)
Eukaryotes
Organelles covered by a membrane
Multiple organelles including ribosomes
Membrane covered Genetic material

16. How do the differences line up?
Prokaryotes
Circular DNA
Unicellular
Cells are smaller in size
Has larger number of organisms
Eukaryotes
Linear DNA
May be multicellular or unicellular
Cells are larger in size
Has smaller number of organisms

17. How do the differences line up?
Prokaryotes
Appeared 4 billion years ago
Eukaryotes
Appeared 1 billion years ago

18. How do the similarities line up?
Lets See!!!
Both types of cells have cell membranes (outer covering of the cell)
Both types of cells have ribosomes
Both types of cells have DNA
Both types of cells have a liquid environment known as the cytoplasm

19. You may use your book and/or consult your teammate
Your turn:
Make a Venn Diagram outlining the similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
You may use your book and/or consult your teammate

20. 7 Themes of Biology
Biology is the study of life. Bio- life , logy- study of.
Theme 1 Cellular Structure and Function- all living things are made of cells.
Theme 2 Reproduction: When organism make their own kind.
Theme 3 Metabolism: Organisms obtain and use energy.
Theme 4 Homeostasis: Maintain Stable internal environment.

21. 7 Themes Of Biology
Theme 5 Heredity: Passing of Traits from parent to offspring.
Theme 6 Evolution: Changes in the inherited characteristics of species over generations.
Theme 7 Interdependence: How organisms interact with other organisms and their environment.

22. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Was the first to see living organisms and called them animalcules.
Used the first simple light microscope.

23. Robert Hooke Used a compound microscope and viewed a slice of cork.
He saw little box structures and called them cells. He used this name because it reminded him of little rooms that monks lived in.

24. Matthias Schleiden
First to see living plant cells and determined that plants are also made of these tiny structures called cells.

25. Theodor Schwann
Viewed animal tissue and concluded that animals are also made of these tiny structures called cells.

26. Rudolf Virchow
He was the scientist that said cells can only be produced by other living cells.

27. The Cell Theory All Organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms.
All cells come from other living cells.

28. Cells

29. Organelles are membrane-bound cell parts
Mini “organs” that have unique structures and functions
Located in cytoplasm

30. Cell Structures Cell membrane
delicate lipid and protein skin around cytoplasm
found in all cells

31. Nucleus
a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the cell’s chromosomes(DNA)
has pores: holes

32. Nucleolus
inside nucleus
location of ribosome factory
made or RNA

33. mitochondrion makes the cell’s energy
the more energy the cell needs, the more mitochondria it has

34. Ribosomes build proteins from amino acids in cytoplasm
may be free-floating, or
may be attached to ER
made of RNA

35. Endoplasmic reticulum
may be smooth: builds lipids and carbohydrates
may be rough: stores proteins made by attached ribosomes

36. Golgi Complex takes in sacs of raw material from ER
sends out sacs containing finished cell products

37. Lysosomes sacs filled with digestive enzymes
digest worn out cell parts
digest food absorbed by cell

38. Centrioles
pair of bundled tubes
organize cell division

39. Cytoskeleton made of microtubules found throughout cytoplasm
gives shape to cell & moves organelles around inside.

40. Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall
very strong
made of cellulose
protects cell from rupturing
glued to other cells next door

41. Vacuole
huge water-filled sac
keeps cell pressurized
stores starch

42. Chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll
turn solar energy into food energy

43. How are plant and animal cells different?

44. Structure
Animal cells
Plant cells
cell membrane
Yes
yes
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes ER
Golgi
centrioles no
cell wall
mitochondria
cholorplasts
One big vacuole
cytoskeleton

45. Eukaryote cells can be multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs

46. Advantages of each kind of cell architecture
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow
can specialize
fast reproduction
multicellularity
all the same
can build large bodies

47. What do all these have in common?

48. Specialized Cells Learning Objectives: Learning Activities:
All must be able to describe with examples, how cells are specialised to perform different functions.
Most should be able to state how cells group together to form tissues.
Some could state how specific cells are adapted to their function.
What is the picture?
Discuss what is a specialised cell
Powerpoint showing different specialised cells
Worksheet
Quiz on plant and animal cells

49. What is a specialized Cell?
Plants and animals consist of many cells and so are known as multicellular
They contain many different types of cells.
Each type of cell is designed to carry out a particular job or function.
This is known as cell specialism
Not all cells look the same.
Some cells have a special shape and features to help them do a certain job.

50. Sperm cell
Head contains enzymes & nucleus
Designed to Fertilise eggs.
Found in the Testes
Tail
A sperm is small and has a long tail that provides movement so it can swim and find an egg cell.
The head contains enzymes which allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it.

51. Egg (Ovum) Cell Designed to be Fertilised. Found in the Ovaries.
An egg cell is large and bulky.
Contains yolk which provides a large food store for the new cell being formed.
Cytoplasm containing yolk
Layer of jelly
Nucleus

52. Palisade Cell Designed for Photosynthesis Found in the top of a leaf
Tall and has a large surface area to absorb water and minerals.
Packed with chloroplasts to help make plant food.
Nucleus
Chloroplasts

53. Ciliated Cell Designed to stop Lung Damage
They line all the air passages (trachea, bronchi & bronchioles) in the lungs.
They have tiny hairs called cilia.
Hairs sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat.
Nucleus
cilia

54. Root Hair Cell
Thin cell wall makes it easy for minerals to pass through.
Designed for absorbing.
Vacuole
thin cell wall
Has a large surface which helps it to absorb water and minerals.
Cell membrane
Found in a plant root.

55. Nerve Cell (neurone) They are long They have connections at each end
Nucleus
They are long
They have connections at each end
Can carry electrical signals
Their job is to carry nerve impulses to different parts of the body.

56. Red Blood Cell Designed to carry oxygen Found in blood.
Large surface area, for oxygen to pass through.
Contains haemoglobin, which joins with oxygen.
Has no nucleus

57. How do animal cells move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
Some can swim with a flagellum
Some can swim very fast with cilia

58. Pseudopods means “fake feet” extensions of cell membrane
example: ameoba

59. Flagellum/flagella large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell through water
can be single, or a pair

60. Cilia fine, hairlike extensions attached to cell membrane
beat in unison

61. THE END