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Relative Clauses
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Salvius Salvius est dominus. Salvius est crudelis. Salvius est dominus. qui est crudelis. Salvius est dominus qui est crudelis. Salvius, qui est crudelis, est dominus. Salvius is Masculine AND Singular, so the pronoun needs to be Masculine AND Singular. In the clause “qui est crudelis” (“who is cruel”), Salvius (the “who”) is Nominative.
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Rufilla Rufilla non est laeta. Rufilla est uxor. Rufilla non est laeta. quae est uxor. Rufilla non est laeta quae est uxor. Rufilla, quae est uxor, non est laeta. Rufilla is Feminine AND Singular, so the relative pronoun must be Feminine AND Singular. In the clause “quae est uxor,” quae/Rufilla is nominative because she is the one WHO is the wife.
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vinum vinum est optimum. vinum est in poculo. vinum est optimum. quod est in poculo. vinum est optimum quod est in poculo. vinum, quod est in poculo, est optimum. vinum is Neuter and Singular so we need a neuter singular relative pronoun.
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Bregans Bregans est ignavus. Salvius Bregantem pulsat. Bregans est ignavus. Salvius quem pulsat. Bregans est ignavus quem Salvius pulsat. Bregans, quem Salvius pulsat, est ignavus. In sentence 1, Bregans is nominative, but in sentence 2 he is accusative. In the relative clause “quem Salvius pulsat,” quem must ALSO be accusative because it is taking place of Bregantem in the sentence.
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Domitilla Domitilla est ancilla. Volubilis Domitillam amat. Domitilla est ancilla. Volubilis quam amat. Domitilla est ancilla quam Volubilis amat. Domitilla, quam Volubilis amat, est ancilla. Just as before, since Volubilis loves DomitillAM, she is accusative, so the relative pronoun must be accusative.
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cubiculum cubiculum est elegans. ancilla cubiculum lavat. cubiculum est elegans. ancilla quod lavat. cubiculum est elegans quod ancilla lavat. cubiculum, quod ancilla lavat, est elegans.
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Choosing the Correct case:
Quintus est puer Romanus. Quintus in triclinio bibit. Quintus, _____ in triclinio bibit, est puer Romanus. We determine the GENDER and NUMBER from what the relative clause is describing: Quintus. We look at how Quintus functions in the relative clause to determine CASE. Quintus = Masculine, Singular In triclinio bibit — we know what is happening, and where, but we need to know WHO is DOING the action — nominative.
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Remember the chart nom. gen. dat. acc. abl. qui quae quod qui quem
singular plural masculine feminine neuter nom. qui quae quod qui gen. cuius dat. cui cui quibus acc. quem quam quos quas abl. quo qua quo
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Remember the two meanings of quod?
Use context to select the correct meaning of “quod.” Remember that quod meaning “which” is neuter and will only describe a neuter antecedent. _____1. puer senem ducebat, quod claudicabat. a. because b. which _____2. vinum, quod ancilla ferebat, erat in patera aurea. a. because b. which _____3. facile est vobis vincere, quod vos estis fortiores. a. because b. which _____4. saxum, quod erat ingens, erat meta. a. because b. which
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Now you try it – list the relative pronoun, then translate:
cibus, _______ Grumio parat, est optimus. The food, WHICH Grumio prepares, is great. What word is “which” describing? So what gender and number do we need? How is it functioning in the relative clause? (Is it doing or receiving the action?) So which case do we need? ancillae, ________ rex vocavit, erant pulchrae. venalicius, _______ servos vendit, in foro clamat. saxum, _______ est in viā, est magnum. nautae, ________ in marī navigat, sunt fortes.
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