1. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

3. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

5. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Gastric juices
Enteroendocrine glands
secretes gastrin, which stimulates cells to produce hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsinogen.
Parietal cells
produce HCL, which converts pepsinogen into pepsin and destroys bacteria and microorganisms that enter the stomach.
Body’s natural sterilizer
Produces intrinsic factor which is essential for B12 absorption
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

6. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Gastric juices
Chief type cells
Produce Pepsinogen which converts to pepsin
Pepsin breaks down protein into smaller pieces called protease and peptone
Mucus cells
Secrete alkaline mucus which helps neutralize the effects of HCL acid and other digestive juices
Rennin
found in infants and children, not in adults
Prepares milk proteins for digestion by other enzymes
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

7. Processes of digestion and their relevance to health
Chemical – Change food by digestive juices into the end products of fat, carbohydrates, and protein
Physical – break food into smaller pieces
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

8. Processes of digestion and their relevance to health
Absorption – nutrients enter the blood capillaries of the small intestine for use in the body
Elimination – waste products of digestion
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

9. News Flash... New treatment!!!!
Fecal transplant
Allows the bacteria from the healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut
Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines
Symptoms range from persistent diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon to death
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

10. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Humor
Potty Trivia...
What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?
On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day? 1-3 pts/day
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

11. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Act of Digestion
Ingestion
Mastication
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

12. Digestive System Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
refusal to eat not because of lose of appetite
Psychiatric disorder
Distorted body image
Fear of wgt gain
Amenorrhea
Wgt loss of 25% of original body wgt
Anorexia
Decreased or poor appetite
Symptoms
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

13. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Caries
Decay of tooth or bone
The acids in plaque damage the enamel covering your teeth, and create holes in the tooth
If symptoms occur, they may include:
Tooth pain or achy feeling
Visible pits or holes in the teeth
Prevention- use of flouride , brushing and flossing
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

14. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
a fissure or opening—a gap in the palate =may be either soft, hard or both
can be successfully treated with surgery
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

15. Cholelithiasis Gallstones
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of gallbladder.
Gallstones
Can block the bile duct causing pain in back between the shoulder blades and digestive disorders, can cause jaundice
Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed
Surgical removal of gallbladder = Cholecystectomy

16. Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = Virus
Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for hours
Complication = dehydration

17. Cirrhosis abnormal structure and function of the liver
Chronic progressive disease of the liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

18. causes of cirrhosis
chemicals (such as alcohol, fat, and certain medications)
viruses, toxic metals (such as iron and copper that accumulate in the liver as a result of genetic diseases)
autoimmune liver disease in which the body's immune system attacks the liver.

19. Treatment of cirrhosis
preventing further damage to the liver
treating the complications of cirrhosis
preventing liver cancer or detecting it early
liver transplantation.

20. Constipation When defecation delayed, feces becomes dry and hard
RX –diet with cereals,
fruits, vegetables,
(roughage) drinking plenty
of fluids, exercise, and
avoiding tension

21. Causes of Constipation
not getting enough fiber/water in the body
A disruption of regular diet or routine; traveling
Inadequate activity or exercise or immobility
Eating large amounts of dairy products
Stress
Obstipation:
a condition of extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

22. Diarrhea
Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements that pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food.
Can cause dehydration

23. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Disorder that affects the sphincter muscle connecting the esophagus with the stomach
The sphincter is weak or relaxes inappropriately
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

24. Hepatitis Acute Chronic A, B, C, D, E common symptoms: Fever Nausea
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?
Acute
Chronic
A, B, C, D, E
common symptoms:
Fever
Nausea
Anorexia
jaundice
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

25. Hepatitis A Infectious hepatitis Cause – virus
Spread through contaminated food or H2O

26. Hepatitis B Serum Hepatitis Caused by virus found in blood
Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts)
Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated
Use standard precautions for prevention

27. Irritable bowel syndrome
a symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits
no known organic cause
Treatments: attempt to relieve symptoms, including dietary adjustments, medication and psychological interventions
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

28. Peptic ulcers
Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, drugs.
Sym. – burning pain, may be relieved by eating or taking antacids.
Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria
Rx – H2 blockers ( drugs) that block release of histamine

29. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcers
Gastric and duodenal ulcers
Normally recurs in 50 to 80% of cases
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

30. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

31. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Vitamins
Fat Soluble- can be stored by the body A D E K
Water soluable - can’t be stored, excess excreted by body B C
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system