1. Minimally invasive cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest: A closed chest technique with equivalent myocardial protection 
Daniel S. Schwartz, MDa, Greg H. Ribakove, MDa, Eugene A. Grossi, MDa, John H. Stevens, MDb, Lawrence C. Siegel, MDc, Frederick G. St. Goar, MDd, William S. Peters, MB, ChBb, David McLoughlin, MDa, F.Gregory Baumann, PhDa, Stephen B. Colvin, MDa, Aubrey C. Galloway, MDa 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 111, Issue 3, Pages (March 1996)
DOI: /S (96)
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Diagram of the minimally invasive CPB system used in this series of experiments.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Roentengram illustrating the proper position of the endovascular aortic clamp (EAC) in the ascending aorta with opacification of the balloon at the tip of the catheter. The endovascular pulmonary artery venting catheter (EPV) and the venous bypass cannula (VC) are overlying the cardiac silhouette.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
A, Representative plot of instantaneous left ventricular pressure and myocardial segment length dimension for cardiac cycles over a range of end-diastolic volumes. B, Left ventricular regional stroke work expressed as a function of end- diastolic length for each cardiac cycle yields linear relationship with a slope and x-intercept. C, The area under the segmental preload recruitable work area versus end-diastolic length relationship is equal to the preload recruitable work area (equation 3) for two different time periods in the same subject. Lw1 and Lw2 are the different x-intercepts and Lwmax is the maximal value of the x-intercept for the entire experiment.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 3
A, Representative plot of instantaneous left ventricular pressure and myocardial segment length dimension for cardiac cycles over a range of end-diastolic volumes. B, Left ventricular regional stroke work expressed as a function of end- diastolic length for each cardiac cycle yields linear relationship with a slope and x-intercept. C, The area under the segmental preload recruitable work area versus end-diastolic length relationship is equal to the preload recruitable work area (equation 3) for two different time periods in the same subject. Lw1 and Lw2 are the different x-intercepts and Lwmax is the maximal value of the x-intercept for the entire experiment.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 3
A, Representative plot of instantaneous left ventricular pressure and myocardial segment length dimension for cardiac cycles over a range of end-diastolic volumes. B, Left ventricular regional stroke work expressed as a function of end- diastolic length for each cardiac cycle yields linear relationship with a slope and x-intercept. C, The area under the segmental preload recruitable work area versus end-diastolic length relationship is equal to the preload recruitable work area (equation 3) for two different time periods in the same subject. Lw1 and Lw2 are the different x-intercepts and Lwmax is the maximal value of the x-intercept for the entire experiment.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 4
X-axis intercept (Lw) of the end-diastolic pressure–length relationship represented as boxplots of the mean values before and after CPB. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 5
Slope (Mw) of the end-diastolic pressure–length relationship represented as a boxplot of the mean values before and after CPB. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

9. Fig. 6
Myocardial contractile function quantified by work area (PRWA) as a percentage of the mean pre-CPB value. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

10. Fig. 7
Myocardial contractile function quantified by the stroke work–end-diastolic length relationship (SWEDL) as a percentage of the mean pre-CPB value. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

11. Fig. 8
Emax of the end-systolic pressure–length relationship represented as a boxplot of the mean values before and after CPB. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

12. Fig. 9
Myocardial regional temperatures of the left and right ventricles before, during, and after CPB. NS, Not significant.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

13. Fig. 10
Electron micrographs of left ventricular biopsy specimens from the same animal showing normal ultrastructure before minimally invasive CPB (A) and after 60 minutes of reperfusion (B). (Uranyl acetate and lead citrate, ×6600.)
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

14. Fig. 10
Electron micrographs of left ventricular biopsy specimens from the same animal showing normal ultrastructure before minimally invasive CPB (A) and after 60 minutes of reperfusion (B). (Uranyl acetate and lead citrate, ×6600.)
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (96) )
Copyright © 1996 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions