1. The Human World Sections 1 and 2
Chapter 4
The Human World
Sections 1 and 2

2. Population Growth
6.2 billion people inhabiting about 30% of the planet’s land
Global population is growing rapidly because birthrates have not declined as fast as death rates
Death rates have gone down due to improved healthcare, abundance of food, advances in technology and better living conditions.
Also seeing a low birth rate
Slows population growth when death rate and birth rate are equal

3. Life expectancy at birth : 2005
United Nations Population Division

4. World Population Growth Is Almost Entirely Concentrated in the World's Poorer Countries.
World Population (in Billions):
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision.

5. Challenges of Population Growth
More people=more mouths to feed
Some countries will face shortages
Populations are unevenly distributed by age
More developed countries have fewer young people, relative to the elderly population
Infant population can’t contribute to food production

6. Less Developed Countries Have Far More Young People Relative to Elderly.
Population by Age and Sex, Less Developed Countries: 2009
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision.

7. Population distribution – pattern of human settlement
Uneven, related to earth’s geography
Europe and Asia – most densely populated
Asia: 60% of world’s population
World’s Youth Population
Almost everyone on Earth lives on a relatively small portion of the planet’s land (less than 1/3). Most near fertile ground, soil, water and a climate without harsh extremes.

8. Population growth rate: 2000-2005
United Nations Population Division

9. Population growth rate: 2045-2050
United Nations Population Division

10. Population density – average number of people living on one square mile/kilometer of land
Wide-open spaces vs. highly populated areas
Canada/Bangladesh

11. Urbanization Urbanization: migration of people towards cities
Half the world’s population lives in cities
Emigrate FROM the country, Immigrate TO the country

12. Percentage urban in 2005

13. Percentage urban in 2030

14. Global Cultures
Culture: group of people who share similar beliefs and customs
Language, religion, traditions
Language: Key element in a culture’s development, allow people to communicate information and experiences
Pass on cultural values and traditions
One of the strongest unifying forces in a culture. May be some language differences: different dialects

15. World Languages

16. More in depth – which continents speak which languages: why
More in depth – which continents speak which languages: why? Early conquests?

17. Religion: important part of culture
Struggles in religious differences are a source of conflict in many countries
Gives people a sense of identity
Organized according to power level – national regional and local or by type of authority: single ruler, small group of leaders or a body of representatives.

18. Social Groups and Government
Social Groups: many cultures made up of social classes
Groups of people ranked according to ancestry, wealth, education or other criteria
Ethnic Group: share common language, history, place of origin or combination of these elements
Government: maintains order, provides protection, supplies its people
Many different types of governments

19. World Governments

20. Economic Activities: Cultures must make a living (think money!)
Ways in which people produce, obtain, use and sell goods
Culture Regions: Several countries that have similar traits
Economic systems, forms of government and social groups

21. Economic Activity Map

22. The Arab Cultural Region

23. Cultural Change
Cultural Diffusion: spreading new knowledge and skills from one culture to another
Agricultural Revolution: people stopped wandering, started farming, stayed in one place
Surplus of food, increased wealth from trade
Culture Hearths: early centers of civilization whose ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas
Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, China and Mexico

24. Primary Culture Hearths of the World
GHW EXAMPLE
Primary Culture Hearths of the World

25. Cultural Contacts: Trade, travel, migration
Cultures often blended with native population
Cultural diffusion: promote cultural change as ideas and practices spread through trade and travel

26. Political and Economic Systems
World is made up of about 200 independent countries
Each with a government that makes and enforces laws, binding all people living in its territory

27. Levels of Government
Organization – most large countries have several levels of government
Unitary System: gives all key powers to the national or central government
United Kingdom and France
Federal System: divides the powers of government between national and state governments
The United States, Canada, Switzerland, Mexico, Brazil, Australia and India

28. Types of Governments All government systems belong to 3 major groups:
Autocracy – rule by one person
Oligarchy – rule by a few people
Democracy – rule by many people

29. Autocracy Oldest and most common forms of governments
Inheritance or military/police power
Several forms:
Totalitarian dictatorship
Decisions of a single leader determine
government policies
Usually inherit their positions
Monarchy
King or queen exercises the supreme powers of the government
Usually inherit their position
Absolute Monarchy: Saudi Arabia – rare
Constitutional Monarchy: monarchs share governmental powers with elected legislatures

30. Oligarchy Small group holds power
Derives power from wealth, military power and/or social position
Usually suppress all political opposition
Can be communist countries or Theocracies
China,Iran
Leaders of the communist party and the armed forces control the government. Claim they rule FOR the people. May hold elections but offer only one candidate or will control the elections somehow.

31. Democracy Leaders rule with the consent of the citizens
People hold sovereign power
Representative democracies (Constitutional Monarchies)
United States
United Kingdom
Even though UK is monarchy, their role is ceremonial only, elected officials hold the power to rule.

32. Economic Systems Make 3 basic economic decisions:
What and how many goods/services should be produced
How they should be produced
Who gets the goods and services that are produced
3 major economic systems:
Traditional, Market and Command
(also add in Mixed-Market Economy)

33. Traditional Economy Habit and custom determine rules for activity
Not free to make decisions based on what they would like to have
Defined by customs of their elders
Few places have this today

34. Market Economy
Individuals and private groups make decisions on what to produce
Free enterprise
Private individuals or groups have the right to own property or business and make a profit with limited government interference
Also called capitalism
NO COUNTRY has a pure market economy
MIXED economy: government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions affecting the marketplace (The U.S.)
Preserve free market by keeping competition free and fair
Supporting the public interest
Stock market…

35. Type of mixed economy Type of System Who Owns it? Who Decides
Pure Capitalism
Private Ownership
Market System
Command Economy
Government Ownership
Centralized government
Mixed Economy
Some private and some government

36. Command Economy Government owns or directs the means of production
Land, labor, capital and business managers
Controls distribution
Either socialist or communist (depending on how much government is involved)
Socialism has 3 main goals
Equal distribution of wealth and economic opportunity
Society’s control (through its government) of all major decisions about production
Public ownership of most land and factories
Tries to benefit all of society, not just a few
Citizens have no voice in how tax money is spent
Russia used to be communist, today China, Vietnam have allowed some free enterprise
Democratic Socialism: countries in western Europe – people have basic human rights and elect their political leaders, though the government still control parts of their industries

37. Command Economies

38. Resources, Trade and the Environment
Natural Resources: elements from the earth can be be used by people
Renewable: cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally
Nonrenewable: cannot be replaced
Conservation
Not evenly distributed
Renewable: wind, su, water, forests, animal life
Nonrenewable: minerals, fossil fuels
Conservation: Important for nonrenewable resources like coal

41. Economic Activities
Developed Countries: Technology and manufacturing (U.S.A.)
Developing Countries: working towards greater manufacturing technology
Subsistence farming – growing only enough for the family
Remain Poor

42. World Trade Countries specialize in products, then trade them
When countries cannot produce as much of a good as they want/need, they import it from another country
Trading partners!

45. Barriers to Trade Governments add tariffs
Put strict quotas on particular products
Trade Embargo: banning trade with another country as a way to punish them politically
Free Trade: removal of all trade barriers
WTO: World Trade Organization
Tariffs make imported goods more costly, government tries to influence people to buy products made in their home country instead of imported goods

46. People and the Environment
Water normally renewable over time
Oil spills, chemical waste seeps into groundwater
Air pollution: Fossil fuels
Acid Rain
Ruins forests and animal habitats