1. Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages 580-589 (August 1998)
Bioreactivity and biocompatibility of a vitamin E-modified multi-layer hemodialysis filter 
Francesco Galli, Simona Rovidati, Laura Chiarantini, Gianni Campus, Franco Canestrari, Umberto Buoncristiani 
Kidney International 
Volume 54, Issue 2, Pages (August 1998)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Schematic structure of the surface modification in the CL-E filters.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Effect of CL-S (dashed line) and CL-E (solid line) filters on lipoperoxidation and antioxidant consumption in a buffered suspension of lipoperoxides (LOOH) purified from rat brain homogenate. (A) In these experiments, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was determined by thiobarbituric acid test. The LOOH suspension was incubated in the filters as described in the Methods section with (▪, •) or without (□, ○) 500 μm of reduced glutathione (GSH) and 100 μm ascorbic acid (AA). (B) In the case of the presence of these antioxidants their oxidation subproducts, namely oxidized glutathione (GSSG; ▪, •) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA; □, ○), were measured. Data are the mean ± sd of five experiments performed in duplicate.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDC) production over time after in vitro phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation of leukocytes exposed for 15 and 30minutes to CL-S (▩) and CL-E (▨) filters. One × 104 leukocytes/ml were suspended in PBS plus glucose and albumin (both at a final concentration of 0.1% wt/vol) at a final volume of 2ml in the presence of 10mm luminol and 15nm PMA. Viability at 15minutes and at 30minutes was 89% and 91%, respectively. The data are expressed as mean ± sd of five measurements, and represent the integration area of the photon emission curves recorded as described in the Methods section. *P < CL-S vs. CL-E.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Effect of treatment with CL-E and CL-S on apoptosis of mononuclear leukocytes and its correlation with the plasma and red blood cell (RBC) vitamin E levels. Apoptosis was determined by fluorescence microscopy of nuclear morphology and expressed as the percentage of cells bearing fragmented nuclei among the total cell population, counting at least 300 cells in at least 5 randomly selected fields. The determinations were carried out after 24hours of colture as described in the Methods section. The mean value of apoptotic cells in the controls was 6.5 ± 2.3%. Data represent the mean ± sd calculated from two cell specimens per subject counted twice by two different operators. Symbols are: (▴) RBC vitamin E; (•) plasma vitamin E; (▪) apoptotic cells.*P < 0.05 and #P < time 0 versus 1 and 3months.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Interaction between hydrophilic antioxidants and vitamin E in the scavenging of lipoperoxides in the cell membrane and plasma lipids. Abbreviations are: L, polyunsaturated fatty acid; Vit. E (·), tocopherol and tocopheryl radicals; Vit. C (·), ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic radical; GSH and GSSG, reduced and oxidized glutathione; NADP+ and NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, oxidized and reduced forms; HMPS, hexose monophosphate shunt. (1) Hexose monophosphate shunt activity (glucose-dependent); (2) glutathione reductase activity; (3) glutathione peroxidase activity.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

7. Kidney International 1998 54, 580-589DOI: (10. 1046/j. 1523-1755. 1998
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

8. Kidney International 1998 54, 580-589DOI: (10. 1046/j. 1523-1755. 1998
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

9. Kidney International 1998 54, 580-589DOI: (10. 1046/j. 1523-1755. 1998
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions