1. The Object Constraint Language
OCL
The Object Constraint Language

2. Content HISTORY COLLECTION TYPES AND QUERING IN OCL
FORMAL LANGUAGE - STATEMENT EXAMPLES
CONSTRAINTS AND OCL
EXAMPLES

3. History
Formal Languages like Z, have for a long time (ca ) been used to describe things in a precise and unambiguous way.
OCL was developed by IBM (1995) and is a part of UML.
It emphasize precision and simplicity. There is no use of special mathematical symbols.

4. Aligning OCL with the OO-Concepts
Level
Class
Property
Ass.
OCL
2 (metamodel)
the class concept
the property concept
association concept
an OCL construct as a concept 1
a specific class
a specific property
a specific association
OCL Formulas
an object of a class
a slot with value
a link between objects
a formula instantiated

5. Content HISTORY COLLECTION TYPES AND QUERING IN OCL
FORMAL LANGUAGE - STATEMENT EXAMPLES
CONSTRAINTS AND OCL
EXAMPLES

6. Some Collection Types in OCL
A Set is the mathematical set (no duplicate elements).
A Bag is like a set, which may contain duplicates (i.e., the same element may be in a bag twice or more).
A Sequence is like a Bag in which the elements are ordered. Both Bags and Sets have no order defined on them.

7. model instance (example)
Self
[2]: ”Each OCL expression is written in the context of an instance of a specific type. In an OCL expression the name self is used to refer to the contextual instance.”
context Gang inv: self.member…
member
Gang
GangMember
1..*
0..*
model instance (example)
When self is A:Gang then self.member is: :Set(GangMember)
self.member
self
M1:GangMember
A:Gang
M3:GangMember
M2:GangMember
B:Gang
M4:GangMember
M5:GangMember

8. One More Navigation Example
Model
alternative
Quiz
Question
AnswerAlternative * * *
1..*
contex Quiz inv:
self.question.alternative…
incomplete constraint
self
self.question
self.question.alternative
quiz2:Quiz
q3:Question
a4:AnswerAlternative
When the complete constraint is checked, then self is bound to one Quiz object at a time and then the constraint is checked for that object.
self
self.question
self.question.alternative
What correspond to self in Java?
Example function as quering – not constraint becaouse?
quiz1:Quiz
q1:Question
a1:AnswerAlternative
a2:AnswerAlternative
q2:Question
a3:AnswerAlternative

9. Example… Defining classes – content of file gang1.use: model Gangs
class Gang
attributes
name : String
isArmy : Boolean
end
class GangMember
-- associations
association Membership between
Gang[1] role gang
GangMember[1..*] role member
After opening of specification (gang1.use) in the tool
and having created a class diagram view:

10. content of command file gang1_objects.cmd:
The Example continues… We need to define some objects to “navigate” –
content of command file gang1_objects.cmd:
-- Create objects:
-- Gang A
!create a:Gang
!set a.name := 'A'
!set a.isArmy := false
-- Member m1
!create m1: GangMember
!set m1.name := 'M1'
-- Member m2
!create m2: GangMember
!set m2.name := 'M2'
-- Membership
!insert (a,m1) into Membership
!insert (a,m2) into Membership
-- Gang B
!create b:Gang
!set b.name := 'B'
!set b.isArmy := false
-- Member m3
!create m3: GangMember
!set m3.name := 'M3'
-- Member m4
!create m4: GangMember
!set m4.name := 'M4'
-- Member m5
!create m5: GangMember
!set m5.name := 'M5'
!insert (b,m3) into Membership
!insert (b,m4) into Membership
!insert (b,m5) into Membership
After running command file (gang1_objects.cmd) and the creation of an object diagram view:

11. The Example continues… Using OCL as a Query Language: Finding all members no matter which Gang they belong to
OCL is case sensitive!
Select in menu!
To display the OCL Evaluate Window: State/OCL Evaluate OCL expression.

12. Single navigation of an association results in a Set.
Alternative way to find all members no matter which Gang they belong to
Single navigation of an association results in a Set.
Combined navigations results in a Bag

13. Allowing a Member to be Member of Several Gangs
belonging to two gangs

14. Allowing a Member to be Member of Several Gangs
belonging to two gangs

15. asSet

17. Finding all members of the B-gang

18. Content HISTORY COLLECTION TYPES AND QUERING IN OCL
FORMAL LANGUAGE - STATEMENT EXAMPLES
CONSTRAINTS AND OCL
EXAMPLES

19. Logical implication – p implies q
p  q
If p is true then also q must be true.
“p  q” is called a predicate
A predicate is a statement that may be true or false depending on the values of its variables.

20. Universal Quantification: 
In predicate logic, universal quantification formalizes the notion that a logical predicate is true for all the values that can be bound to the variable. E.g.:
a  Integer | (a > 10)  (a + 1 > 10)
Can be read as:
For all a of type Integer the following is true:
if a is greater then 10 then a +1 is also greater then 10
Also: a  Integer | a-1 < a

21. Example: Transitivity
In logic and mathematics, a binary relation R is transitive if xRy and yRz together imply xRz In predicate logic: a,b,c  X | a R b  b R c  a R c
Less than (<) is a transitive relation: a,b,c  Integer | a < b  b < c  a < c In english: For all Integer a, b, c the following is true if a < b and b < c then also a < c
(e.g., 1<2  2<4  1<4)
Is mother of a transitive relation?
quantifier  is called the universal quantifier and it stands for “all” or “for all”.
 is the existential quantifier and it stands for exists.

22. Content HISTORY COLLECTION TYPES AND QUERING IN OCL
FORMAL LANGUAGE - STATEMENT EXAMPLES
CONSTRAINTS AND OCL
EXAMPLES

23. Constraint
[1]: … condition or restriction represented as an expression…. can be attached to any UML model element…. indicates a restriction that must be enforced by correct design of the system…
assertion uttales: assersjen
A constraint is an assertion, not an executable mechanism.

24. Why OCL? The power of the graphical part of UML is limited!
OCL gives you power to improve the documentation in a precise and unambiguous way.
OCL parsers (/ evaluators) ensure that the constraints are meaningful and well formed within the model.
To do MDD the models have to be unambiguous (e.g., when doing code generation, transformations).
OCL give you power to improve the documentation in a precise (OCL is a formal language) and unambiguous way (in contrast to natural language).

25. Where To Use OCL? Invariants on classes and types
Precondition and postconditions on operations (methods)
Constraints on operations: operation=expression (the return value) …

26. Content HISTORY COLLECTION TYPES AND QUERING IN OCL
FORMAL LANGUAGE - STATEMENT EXAMPLES
CONSTRAINTS AND OCL
EXAMPLES

27. An Invariant Example: Use of Size
An invariant is predicate that is always true (i.e., when the system is at “rest”.)
Gang
name : String
GangMember
+member
isArmy : Boolean
1..*
1..*
0..*
0..*
register(newMember : GangMember)
-- The gang is an army if there are more than 100 members. context Gang inv oneSimpleConstraint: self.isArmy = (member->size() > 100)

28. Use of pre –and post-condition
Gang
name : String
GangMember
+member
isArmy : Boolean
1..*
1..*
0..*
register(newMember : GangMember)
-- The gang has grown with one when a new member has been added. -- accesses the value before executing the operation context Gang :: register(newMember : GangMember) pre: not member->includes(newMember) post : member =

29. Comments to Previous Slide
collection->includes(object: T): Boolean is True if object is an element of collection. E.g.: = true
refers to the value of p before the operation was executed. E.g.: is the set member before the operation was executed.
collection->including(object: T): Bag(T)
is the bag with all elements of collection plus object. E.g.: =

30. model xor
class Account
end
class Person
class Corporation
association personOwner between
Account[0..*] role account
Person[0..1] role personOwner
association cooperationOwner between
Corporation[0..1] role cooperationOwner
constraints
context Account inv : personOwner->size() = 1
implies cooperationOwner->size() = 0
Using OCL in USE What we want: An account has either a person as owner or a cooperation as owner {
The Constraint is part
of the specification

31. Create Some Objects -- Create objects: !create a2801: Account
!create Harald: Person
!create UiA: Corporation
-- Create link:
!insert (a2801, Harald) into personOwner

34. What is this? This should not be allowed – this is not xor!

35. Modify the Constraint: context Account inv: (personOwner->size() = 1 implies cooperationOwner->size() = 0) and (personOwner->size() = 0 implies cooperationOwner->size() = 1)

36. forAll Variations (math. notation: )
employee
Person
Company * *
age : Integer {
context Company inv:
self.employee->forAll( age <= 70 )
self.employee->forAll( p | p.age <= 70 )
self.employee->forAll( p : Person | p.age <= 70 )
Equivalent
Constraints

37. Example: exists (math. notation: )
collection  exists(exp : OclExpression) : Boolean True if exp is true for one elements of the collection
-- Every Gang must have a member with a car contex Gang inv: member->exists(car->size()>0)

38. It is possible to use the Evaluate OCL Expression dialog box to express invariants
But you must transform it to an expression…