1. Ch. 3 Adapting to the Environment Ch. 4 Population Changes

2. Species  a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can reproduce among themselves
Group of individuals of the same species living in the same place make up a Population

3. Why do animals look different in different environments?
Arctic Fox
Desert Fox

4. Kangaroo Rat
Lab Rat
Lives in dry climates
Feeds on seeds
Access to very little water
Lives in controlled environment
Feeds on Rat Chow
Unlimited access to water
Hypothesis: Why do we observe these variations in rat species in different environments?
Prediction: What adaptations do these animals have?

5. Reproduction
For a species to survive, some members of a species must reproduce
2 Methods of Reproduction:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

6. Asexual Reproduction
Single parent has offspring that are genetically identical to parent
Advantage – 1. Requires No Mate
2. Lots offspring in a short amount of time
Disadvantage – All look same

7. Asexual Reproduction Number one form reproduction on planet (Bacteria)
Examples :
a. Budding (Hydra)
b. Fragmentation (Sea Star)
c. Binary Fission (Bacteria)

17. Sexual Reproduction
Offspring are formed when genetic information from more than one parent combines
Advantage – Greater Variation
Animals: 2 Parents
Female – Egg Male – Sperm
Fertilization  joining of egg and sperm

18. Types of Fertilization
1. External – parents have no contact
-- Need Water (Fish, Frogs)
2. Internal – parents have contact
-- Mammals, Birds, Reptiles

21. Genetic information is found on Genes
Genes are located on Chromosomes
(made of Protein and DNA)
Offspring (children)
Variation  is an advantage / disadvantage of sexual reproduction and occurs in both plants and animals
-- this will help an organism survive or
go extinct

23. Plant Reproduction
Like animals, plants can reproduce either asexually or sexually. Some plants can even use both methods. The way a type of plant reproduces is dependent on the plant’s environment.

24. Plant Reproduction NonVascular Plants (Asexual)
Involves Spores (carried Wind/Water/ Animal)
Produced Large Numbers
Advantage – The greater number of spores (cell) or sporophyte produced, the greater chance they grow into gametophyte (sperm or egg)
Examples – Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts

28. Plant Reproduction Vascular Plants (Sexual)
Pollination  wind transfers pollen from the male cone to the female cone
2 Types
1. Gymnosperms -- no flowers or
fruit
2. Angiosperms -- has flowers or fruit

31. Animal Behavior
Animals run from enemies, search for food, battle for territory, and build homes. All of these activities are known as Behavior.
2 Kinds of Behavior :

32. Innate Behavior (present at birth or show up months / years later)
An inherited behavior (genes) that does not depend on the environment.
(present at birth or show up months / years later)
Examples : Puppies – Chew, Bees – Fly, Whales – Swim, Humans – Walk

33. Learned Behavior
Behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals
Example: Language (we have the ability, we do not know the meanings)

34. Survival Behaviors
Find Food a. Predator (eat other animals) b. Prey (animals being eaten)
Marking Territory -- area occupied by one animal or group of animals that do not allow other members of the species to enter
(Mating, Raising Young, Find Food)

35. Survival Behaviors
Defensive Action – allows animals to protect resources from other animals
(skunk, squid, jellyfish)
4. Courtship – need to find mate to reproduce (dance, build nest, fight)
Parenting – some offspring need help for survival, while others do not
(caterpillar, birds, human)

36. Seasonal Behavior
Migration – animals travel warm environment (food, water, reproduction)
Slow Down – save energy
a. Hibernation – Winter (Bear)
b. Estivation – Summer (Desert animals)
3. Biological Clock – animals keep track of time so they know when to store food, or migrate (length day or temp.)

37. Evolution
the changes in inherited characteristics of a species over time.
--As the environment changes, so does the organisms that live in the environment

38. Mutation
Natural Selection (Survival of Fittest)
Gene Flow (individuals migrate from place to place)
Genetic Drift (individuals leave and are isolated)

39. Theories
How Species Change Over Time

40. Galapagos Islands (Finches and Tortoises)
Charles Darwin
December 27, 1831
HMS Beagle
Naturalist
Galapagos Islands (Finches and Tortoises)

64. Bird Beak Adaptations:

67. Theory
Suggested that random variations takes place in living things and some external agent in the environment selects those individuals better able to survive.

68. Book “The Origin of Species”
Members of a large population compete for living space, food, and other resources. Those that are able to survive will reproduce and pass their traits to the next generation.

70. Known as Natural Selection (Survival of Fittest)
Darwin’s theory of Evolution is accepted by most scientists today.
Known as Natural Selection (Survival of Fittest)

71. Natural Selection Organisms must be able to: Find Food / Water
Have Shelter
Reproduce
-- > If an organisms is missing one of the three characteristics the organism will go Extinct

73. 4 Parts of Natural Selection
Overproduction
Genetic Variation with a Population
Struggle to Survive
Successful Reproduction
Examples: Rabbit, Tarantula

74. Variation  inherited traits that make an organism different from other members of its species.
Example– Peppered Moth (England)

77. Adaptation
Variation or characteristic that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
The variation that result in an adaptation can involve an organisms:

78. Color
Shape
Behavior
Chemical Make-Up
Camouflage (blending environment)
Mimicry (falsely resemble other species)

88. Adaptations to Interactions with other Organisms
Species adapt to interact with one another in order to survive
Example : Honeycreeper (Bird)
Lobelia (Flower)

91. Changes in Genetic Variation
Genetic Bottleneck – if a population is decreased rapidly, many characteristics may be lost entirely from a population because all of the individuals with those characteristics dies
Example: Florida Panther

93. Figure 23.5 The bottleneck effect: an analogy

94. Geographic Isolation  sometimes mountains, lakes, or other geologic features isolate a small number of individuals from the rest of a population.

96. Ideas about Breeding
Plants and Animals have been breed for years to pass on desired traits
Selective Breeding – human practice of breeding Animals / Plants that have certain traits
Example: More than 150 species Dogs

98. Speed of Evolution
(2 Kinds)

99. Gradualism Darwin’s Theory------ use Fossil Record
Describes evolution as a slow, ongoing process.
Darwin’s Theory use Fossil Record

100. Punctuated Equilibrium
Gene mutation can result in a new species in a short amount of time.
Can be seen today (Bacteria).

101. Fossils Found in Sedimentary Rock show evidence that living things evolved.
Paleontologist  a scientist who studies fossils.

102. Two Methods To Determine Fossil Age

103. Relative Dating  look at fossil location in a particular layer of rock; older rock layers are under newer rock layers.

105. Radiometric Dating  compare the amount of radioactive element with the amount of nonradioactive element in a rock.

106. The Fossil Records have gaps because most organisms do not become fossils.

107. More Clues About Evolution

108. Direct Evidence
Such as the development of Antibiotic Resistance in bacteria, supports evolution.
Insecticide Resistance – insects immune to pesticides
Example – European Corn Borer

110. Homologous Structure body parts that are similar in origin and structure.
Examples--- Human Arm, Bat, Whale

117. Examples---(Human-Appendix)
Vestigial Structure structure that don’t seem to have a function but might have once functioned in an ancestor.
Examples---(Human-Appendix)

123. DNA
Best way to see how close organisms are related.