1. Prefixes
Chapter 4
Pages 109 – 138

2. Antigens and Antibodies: Background
Page 120
Antigens and Antibodies: Background
Antigens: targets of antibodies
Antibodies: protein made by white blood cells to protect against specific antigens.
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody
Antigens (examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium): a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
Antibodies: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood. These Antibodies remain in your blood to protect against specific antigens when encountered in the future.
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody. When you receive a vaccine, you are receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies.

3. Rh Condition Page 121 Rh-positive (Rh+) → protein coating on RBCs
Rh-negative (Rh-) → no Rh antigen
Born with it or not and is normal
Rh condition
A person who is Rh-positive (Rh+) has a protein coating on their red blood cells (RBCs).
People who are Rh-negative (Rh-) have no Rh factor antigen.
This specific antigen factor is something that the person is born with or not and it is normal.
Rh condition: An antigen- antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).
How Rh condition occurs.
First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: the baby is not affected but the Rh- mother is sensitized.
Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby: the baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
Symptom of HDN: jaundice.
How to stop it
Physicians administer Rh immunoglobulin to an Rh- woman within 72 hours after each Rh+ delivery, abortion, or miscarriage.
The globulin binds to Rh+ cells that escaped into the mother’s circulation & prevents formation of Rh+ antibodies.
This protects future babies from developing HDN.

4. Congenital Anomaly Page 122
Congenital Anomaly = an irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with.
Syndactyly
Heart defects
Clubbed feet
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Congenital Anomaly = an irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with.
Some are caused by hereditary(passed to the infant through chromosomes from the father or mother, or both), others are produced by factors present during pregnancy.
Syndactyly = webbed fingers or toes
A = clubbed feet
B = FAS

5. Recombinant DNA Page 122 Recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant techniques are used to manufacture insulin outside the body
Recombinant DNA technology = the process of taking a gene (a region of DNA) from one organism and inserting it in to the DNA of another organism.
Recombinant techniques are used to manufacture insulin outside the body
Description of the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body.
The gene that codes for insulin is cut out of a human chromosome & transferred into a bacterium, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). The bacterium then contains the gene for making human insulin &, because it multiplies very rapidly, can produce insulin in large quantities. Diabetic patients, unable to make their own insulin, can use this synthetic product.

6. Page 123
Syndromes
Syndrome = a group of signs or symptoms that appear together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Example: Reye syndrome
Syndrome = a group of signs or symptoms that appear together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Example: Reye syndrome = characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver; may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.

7. Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Gland
Page 124
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Gland
TURP = a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra.
Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) = a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra.
The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases and interferes with urination.

8. Ultrasonography Page 124 Ultrasonography Echocardiograms Sonogram
Ultrasonography = a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue.
Echocardiograms = ultrasound images of the heart.
Sonogram = Fetal ultrasound image
Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.