1. Chapter 14
Section 1

2. Religion What changed? Predestination > self-destination
Separation of church and state
More diversity/more churches
More tolerance between Protestants
More democratic
Wanted to improve society

3. Religion continued… Who? Charles Grandison Finney Meetings: REVIVALS
Huge outdoor meetings (camp meetings) which stirred up feelings and encouraged the growing spirit of reform
Called “the Second Great Awakening”

4. Utopias Definition: a perfect society Characteristics:
One strong charismatic leader who attracted people to the community. When he died, the community might die, too.
Most had an economic scheme, usually socialistic
Most were religious, believed in the 2nd coming of Christ
Most started with a lot of enthusiasm, but were short lived. Usually they failed for economic reasons: they were not willing to work.

5. Alcoholism Called? Temperance Movement Why was it needed?
Created wife and children abuse
Caused the family to break up
Major cause of crime
Undermined American society
Who? Lyman Beecher

6. How far did they get in meeting their goals?
Maine banned the sale of alcohol
Eight other states followed
PARTIAL SUCCESS!

7. EDUCATION Why was it needed?
Education is needed for a strong democracy
Many immigrants entering the country and education was the best way to “Americanize”
A republic needs educated citizens
Few children went to school
Too few schools
Old and run down schools
Teachers poorly trained and ill paid
Students of all ages were in one room

8. Who? Horace Mann What did he do?
Got legislatures to provide more $$ for new and more schools
Extended the school year
Raised teacher pay 
Caused teacher training colleges (normal schools) to be built
Required attendance

9. Which state led reforms? How far did the movement get in its reforms?
Massachusetts
How far did the movement get in its reforms?
See #2
Equal pay for women teachers
Special needs:
Hearing impaired (deaf)? Thomas Gallaudet (Hartford, CT)
Blind? Samuel Gridley Howe- Perkins Institute for the Blind

10. Education for African Americans?
If they had a school, it was separate, got less money, and were met with hostility
Prudence Crandall’s Quaker school was attacked and burned (She had been jailed previously for teaching Blacks)
Oberlin College (OH) accepted Blacks
Lincoln University (PA) 1st all Black College

11. Reforms in prisons: Who? Dorothea Dix Reforms: Why was it needed?
Changed from punishment to rebuilding character
Why was it needed?
Some prisoners had committed no crime (debt or mental illness)
Small, dark, unheated cells
Chained, naked, beaten, confined in cages and closets, and/or hungry

12. Reforms in Literature
The reform in literature was from European ideas and inspiration to American themes, characters, and settings
What is Transcendentalism?
Thinkers and writers stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience.

13. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Fiction novel about slave life
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
“Song of Hiawatha”, “Paul Revere’s Ride”
Idealized American past /history, Amer. legends, optimistic
Iambic pentameter verse
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass
Common people, celebrated democracy & diversity, free verse
Emily Dickenson
“Hope”
Simple, deeply personal lyric verses
Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Concord Hymn”
Leading Transcendentalist, scorned materialism, valued individualism
Henry David Thoreau
“Civil Disobedience”, Walden
Urged people to live a simply as possible, be individualistic, anti-slavery, disobey unjust laws, be in harmony with nature, self-reliance of character