1. SOCI 1010 Day 6 December 22, 2011
December 26 – January 1

2. Agenda
What is Kwanzaa?
Types of Societies
Begin Culture

3. Kwanzaa
Kwanzaa is not a religious holiday, nor is it meant to replace Christmas. It was created by Dr. Maulana "Ron" Karenga, a professor of Black Studies, in At this time of great social change for African Americans, Karenga sought to design a celebration that would honor the values of ancient African cultures and inspire African Americans who were working for progress.

4. Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa honors a different principle
Each of the seven days of Kwanzaa honors a different principle. These principles are believed to have been key to building strong, productive families and communities in Africa. Read more: Kwanzaa: History, Food, Colors, Candles, Symbols, Activites, Crafts, 7 Principles — Infoplease.com

5. Kwanzaa Principles Unity Self-Determination
Collective work and responsibility
Cooperative Economics
Sense of Purpose
Creativity
Faith

6. umoja (oo-MOH-ja) Meaning: unity Action: building a community that holds together
kujichagulia (koo-jee-cha-goo-LEE-yah) Meaning: self-determination Action: speaking for yourself and making choices that benefit the community
ujima (oo-JEE-mah) Meaning: collective work and responsibility Action: helping others within the community
ujamaa (oo-JAH-ma) Meaning: cooperative economics Action: supporting businesses that care about the community
nia (nee-AH) Meaning: a sense of purpose Action: setting goals that benefit the community
kuumba (koo-OOM-bah) Meaning: creativity Action: making the community better and more beautiful
imani (ee-MAH-nee) Meaning: faith Action: believing that a better world can be created for communities now and in the future

7. Discuss research ethics in Krippendorf’s Tribe

8. Ethical Considerations
Do not harm the subjects
Informed consent before participation
Do not coerce participation
Do not deceive participants or sponsors
Use ethical means of data collection
Report results accurately
From beginning to end in this process, it is essential to operate in the most ethical way possible. The researcher’s integrity must be above question.
First and foremost, the study should do no harm -- physically, psychologically, reputationally, socially, etc.
Before agreeing to be a part of the study, participants have the right to all information that would be needed to make an informed decision. In a prison study in England in the 1950’s, subjects were relieved from their regular prison duties and paid more than twice as much as their regular prison pay for participation. They were told that they would be injected with “some cell” and then would be given regular blood tests to see if the cells multiplied in their bodies. They would be allowed to read, play cards, etc. in the prison hospital unit and if they did not like the study, could return to their regular jobs and routines. Many volunteered. At no time were the words cancer or leukemia used in the information provided to prospective subjects; but that is what the “cells” were. Once injected with cancer, how can on quit the study and return to regular prison life?
Notes continue on the next slide.

9. Societies and the Major Social Revolutions

10. What is a Society?
A group of people who share a culture and a territory
Example - United States

11. Hunting and Gathering Societies
Simplest type
People rely on vegetation and game
Small (25-40 people)
Nomadic
Most egalitarian of all societies

12. Societies Branched in One of Two Directions
Key to first branching is pasture - Pastoral Societies are based on pasturing of animals.
Key to second branching is horticulture - Horticulture Societies are based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools.

13. Pastoral Societies Based on the pasturing of animals
Developed in arid areas
Remained nomadic

14. Horticultural Societies
Societies in which people plant gardens for subsistence.
No longer having to abandon an area as the food supply gave out, these groups developed permanent settlements.

15. The Agricultural Revolution
Occurred about five or six thousand years ago
Ushered in by invention of the plow, marking large-scale agricultural production possible, and leading to agrarian societies.

16. Agrarian Societies Based on agriculture More efficient - huge surplus
More complex division of labor
Considerable inequality
Cities develop
Rapid population growth

17. The Industrial Revolution
Began around 1764
Third major social revolution
Ushered in by invention of steam engine

18. Industrial Societies Rely on machines powered by fuels
Increased efficiency of production
Greater surplus
Rapid population increase
Inequality increased at first; later wealth more widely shared

19. The Information Revolution
Emerging new social revolution ushered in by computer chip

20. Postindustrial Societies
Dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods
United States was 1st country to have over half of its work force employed in service industries.

21. Chaco Canyon http://www.nps.gov/chcu/photosmultimedia/index.htm

22. Assignment
Next class – Chaco Legacy
Read Chapter 2