1. The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 18, Section 2

2. China turns Communist
Chiang Kai-shek – Chinese leader supported by the United States
China had a failing economy
Chinese were not happy with his leadership

3. China turns Communist
Mao Zedong – Communist leader who led Civil War in China against Chiang Kai-shek

4. Chinese Civil War
Communist pushed the Chinese government into exile in Taiwan.
America refused to recognize the new communist government
People’s Republic of China

5. China turns Communist American policy of containment had failed
Conservatives started accusing the American government of being infiltrated by Communist agents.

7. The Korean War
Soviet Union took control of Japanese colony of Korea north of the 38th parallel
United States took control south of this line.

8. The Korean War June 1949, only 500 American troops in South Korea
SU backed North Korea in a take-over of the peninsula.
Often called “America’s Forgotten War”

9. The Korean War June 25, 1950 North Korea attacks South Korea
June Truman and 15 other countries send troops to support the South Koreans.
Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.

10. The Korean War September 15, 1950 MacArthur leads a counterattack
Chase the North Koreans to the Chinese border (Yalu River)
Thought Korea would become one democratic country

11. The Korean War November 1950
Communist Chinese troops joined the fight when UN forces reached border

14. The Korean War
“Our trenches…were only about 20 meters in front of theirs. We were eyeball to eyeball…We couldn’t move at all in the daytime without getting shot at. Machine-gun fire would come in, grenades, small-arms fire, all from within spitting distance. It was like World War I. We lived in a maze of bunkers and deep trenches…There were bodies strewn all over the place. Hundreds of bodies frozen in the snow.”
-Beverly Scott, soldier during Korean War.

15. Skillbuilder
Pg 613

16. MacArthur Controversy
General MacArthur wanted to expand the war into China, Truman did not.
MacArthur publicly criticized Truman and was fired as commanding officer
Public outrage from the “heroes' dismissal”

17. Settling for Stalemate
Two year conflict that ended in a standoff around the original border
Cost 54,000 American lives and $67 billion dollars
Korean war increased fears of communist aggression and fed fears of communist spies in America

18. The Cold War at Home
Chapter 18, Section 3

19. Fear of Communism
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated Communist influences in and outside the US Government

20. HUAC Thought communist were putting propaganda into the film industry
Hollywood Ten – Hollywood men who refused to cooperate for constitutional reasons.
Were sent to prison for not testifying

21. HUAC
Blacklist – list of people condemned for being Communists in the film industry
Approximately 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors’ careers were ruined

22. Skillbuilder
Pg 620

23. Spy Cases 1948 Alger Hiss was accused of spying for the Soviet Union
Richard Nixon helped to convict him and was later elected VP.

24. Spy Cases
1950
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted and executed for espionage
Were said to be involved in giving the SU information about the Atomic Bomb

25. McCarthy Witch Hunts Joseph McCarthy Republican from Wisconsin
Said Communists were taking over the government

26. McCarthy Witch Hunts
McCarthyism – unsupported accusations of communist activity
Made many accusations against people without producing any evidence

27. McCarthy’s Downfall 1954 – accused the US Army
Televised Senate Investigation
McCarthy’s tactics lost him public support
Was condemned by the Senate
Died from alcoholism three years later.

28. Skillbuilder
Pg 621

29. Two Nations Live on the Edge of War

30. Brinkmanship Rules US Policy
After the Soviet Union exploded their first atomic bomb, the nuclear arms race began
Truman decides to develop an even more horrifying weapon, the Hydrogen Bomb
The hydrogen bomb was 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima

31. The Policy of Brinkmanship
Dwight Eisenhower is elected president shortly after the Soviet Union creates their own H-Bomb
John Foster Dulles is named Secretary of the State (deals with foreign policy)
Dulles proposed that the US could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation
Brinkmanship- the willingness of the US (under President Eisenhower) to go to the edge of all out war
Eisenhower cuts spending on US navy and army, and increases the size of the Air Force(planes will drop the bombs)
Now the threat of a nuclear attack was unlike any ever faced by Americans
Children practice ‘air raid’ techniques in their schools

32. Cold War Spreads Around the World
Eisenhower relies heavily on CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
Used Spies to gather information abroad
Also secretly weakened or overthrow governments unfriendly to the US

33. Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America
The CIA’s first covert operation was in Iran, located in the Middle East
Iranian Government took control of British owned oil fields
As Iranian economy fluttered, they looked to the Soviet Union for aid, the CIA secretly overthrew the Government and put in place one that was friendly to the United States

34. The Warsaw Pact
Joseph Stalin dies in 1953, US Soviet relations improve slightly
SU leaves East Germany
However SU was fearful of US Alliance (NATO)
Soviet Union forms its own alliance known as the Warsaw Pact
Linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern Europe (communist) countries.

35. Summit in Geneva
The US and the Soviet Union met in Geneva Switzerland, to discuss peace talks
Eisenhower proposed an ‘open skies’ act
SU and US could fly over each other to check/watch out for a surprise nuclear attack
SU declines offer, however tensions seemed to be cooling

36. The Suez War Egypt wants to build a dam, US and England agree to help
Egypt's president ‘Abdel-Nasser’ plays US and Soviet Union against one another to get money
Angrily the United States withdraws funding for the canal
Egypt took back dam, and did not allow England to use the Canal
England responded by sending troops to Egypt to reopen and take back the Canal.
The United Nations steps in and forces England to remove its troops and grants ownership of the Canal to Egypt

38. Eisenhower Doctrine
Soviet Union gains prestige in the Middle East for helping Egypt out against England
In response, Eisenhower announces the Eisenhower Doctrine
US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country.

39. Khrushchev in Power
Nikita Khrushchev takes control of the Soviet Union
Khrushchev thought communism would take over the world, however it could be done peacefully
Thought US and SU would compete economically and scientifically for world domination

40. The Space Race
Due to competition between SU and USA, soviets leaped into an early lead launching the first space satellite, Sputnik
USA is shocked its losing the ‘Space Race’
First American attempt at launching a satellite was an embarrassing disaster
Finally in 1958 US successfully launched a satellite

42. A U-2 is Shutdown
USA was flying spy missions in U-2 planes over the Soviet Union
Eisenhower and Khrushchev were going to hold another summit (conference) to discuss ending the arms race
Eisenhower orders the end of U-2 flights, after one last mission
The plane is shot down over the Soviet Union

43. Renewed Confrontation
Khrushchev demanded an apology and the stopping of all future U-2 flights
Eisenhower promises to stop flights, but refuses to apologize
Khrushchev angrily called off the summit due to the U-2 incident