1. Respiration

2. RESPIRATION Involves the release of energy and gas exchange
Occurs in all cells of all organisms
It is the release of energy from food (glucose) – “life runs on sugar”

3. Energy is stored as ATP (a high energy compound) and is released and “re-stored” in a cycle
Energy in Energy out
Cells use a few billion ATP molecules per minute for cell activities
ADP + P
ATP
ATP cycle clip

5. Two types of respiration
Anaerobic
Absence of O 2
Used by some simple organisms (yeast and bacteria)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Partial breakdown of glucose
Less efficient (less ATP)
Aerobic
uses O 2
Used by most organisms
Occurs in the mitochondria
Complete breakdown of glucose
More efficient (more ATP per glucose)

6. Anaerobic Respiration (aka fermentation)
Step 1: Glycolysis: breakdown Of glucose into pyruvic acid
Glucose +2 ATP
(6- carbon)
4 ATP ( net gain ATP, the only ATP released)
2 Pyruvic acid
(3- carbon)

7. Pyruvic acid (from previous slide)
(3- carbon)
2 Lactic Acid (no CO2) ethyl alcohol + 2CO2
In bacteria, used to make
cheese, yogurt
In humans leads to muscle
fatigue when O2 is low
TOTAL ATP= 2
Step 2:
Fermentation- pyruvic acid
converted to another end
product. No more ATP released.
-in yeast, bacteria:
used to make beer,
wine and bread
Glycolysis clip

8. Glucose (6- carbon +2 ATP TOTAL ATP= 2
4 ATP ( net gain 2 ATP, the only ATP released)
2 Pyruvic acid (3- carbon)
2 Lactic Acid (no CO2) 2 ethyl alcohol + 2CO2
In bacteria, used to make
cheese, yogurt
In humans leads to muscle
fatigue when O2 is low
TOTAL ATP= 2
-in yeast, bacteria and used to make beer, wine and bread
Glycolysis song click glucose, glucose

9. Aerobic Respiration
Cristae in mitochondria provide a large surface area for the series of reactions that occur during aerobic respiration
Step 1: “Anaerobic Phase”- glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Step 2: “Aerobic Phase”- occurs in the mitochondria
End Products: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
Looks like this:

10. H Krebs cycle Oxidation/ Reduction O2 6 H2O (vapor) Glucose + 2ATP
(6 Carbon)
4 ATP (net 2 ATP)
2 Pyruvic Acid (3 carbon)
* O2*
2 acetyl CoA (a 2 carbon compound combined w
a co-enzyme) + 2CO2 (exhaled)
High energy CO2 + 2ATP
32 ATP
[ e- gives up energy]
Krebs
cycle H
Electron
Transport
Chain
low energy
Oxidation/
Reduction O2 H
6 H2O (vapor)
final H acceptor

11. end products: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

12. Krebs Cycle Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces: CO2 ATP
Hydrogen- high energy hydrogen atoms are picked up by coenzymes NAD + FAD and carried to the electron transport chain
During the e- transport chain (ETC)
Oxidation occurs when some atoms lose e- (via a gain of H)
Reduction occurs when some atoms gain e- (via a loss of H)
Collectively this is called oxidation- reduction
Low energy H’s combine with free oxygen (the final H acceptor) to form H2O (vapor)

13. Summary of Reactions
C6H12O6 pyruvic acid + O2 CO2+H2O + 36 ATP (aerobic) C6H12O6 pyruvic acid lactic acid + 2ATP (anaerobic } humans and bacteria) C6H12O6 pyruvic acid ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP (anaerobic } bacteria and yeast)
like our balloon demo
“Cowboy respiration’ clip

14. Adaptations for Gas Exchange
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and the environment
the gas exchange surface must be:
Thin
Moist
In contact with O2
Near a transport system
Adaptations for Gas Exchange
1.Monera, Protist, and Fungi-
diffusion occurs across thin, moist cell membrane

15. 2. Plants- respire 24 hours a day
gas exchange occurs in: leaves(stomates and the spongy layer)
Stems (lenticles)
roots (root hairs)
3. Land Animals- the trick is to keep the respiratory surfaces moist!
(see awesome adaptation sheet)

17. Respiration in Humans cellular gas exchange
a)Cellular Aerobic: O2+C6H12 O6 CO2 +H2O + 36 ATP Anaerobic: (when O2 is not in high supply) C6H12 O6 lactic acid + 2ATP b) Gas exchange: occurs between the external environment through our respiratory system.

18. Functional organization of the respiratory system
1. Nasal cavity
warms
filters (ciliated mucous membranes)
moistens air
2. Pharynx- “throat”
area where oral and nasal cavities meet
3. Larynx- “voice box”
beginning of the trachea,
mostly cartilage,
has two pairs of membranes vocal cords

22. 4. Epiglottis
flap of cartilage that covers the larynx when you swallow
prevents choking
5. Trachea- “windpipe”
lined with ciliated mucous membranes
has cartilage rings to prevent collapse
6. Bronchi- 2 branches of the trachea
Each branch leads to a lung
Contain cartilage and ciliated mucous membranes

23. 7. Bronchioles- smaller branches of bronchi in each lung (AKA bronchial tubes)
no cartilage
contains mucous membranes
each ends in an alveolus(plural- alveoli)
8. Alveoli- “air sacs”
Microscopic, 1 cell thick
Functional unit of resp. system where gas exchange occurs ( O CO2)
surrounded by capillaries

25. Helps to control breathing
9. Lung-
elastic
10. Pleura-
11. Diaphragm-
Helps to control breathing
each bronchus with bronchioles and alveoli is a lung
membrane surrounding the lung
muscle under the lungs

26. Mechanisms for Gas Exchange
Breathing- the movement of air in and out of the body
inhalation- the diaphragm contracts and moves down
Chest cavity expands
Pressure in the cavity decreases
Air rushes into the lungs
b) exhalation- diaphragm relaxes and moves up

29. Chest cavity gets smaller Pressure in cavity increases
(exhalation cont. )
Chest cavity gets smaller
Pressure in cavity increases
Air is pushed out of lungs
The rate at which you breathe:
Mostly involuntary
At breaths per minute
Regulated by CO2 concentration in blood
Chemo receptors in vessels send message to medulla in brain
High [CO2]-faster rate of breathing
Low [CO2]- slower
Medulla affects rate of diaphragm

30. Gas Exchange Capillaries surround alveoli O2 goes into the blood
Carried as oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
O2 diffuses into cells
Used for aerobic respiration
Products of cellular respiration (CO2 + H2O)
diffuse into blood
* CO2 carried in plasma
once in lungs, CO2 + H2O are released during exhalation

31. Inside an Alveolus O2 O2 O2 Inhalation/Exhalation:
Alveolus is 1 cell thick
CO2 O2
CO2 O2 O2
CO2 O2
CO2
CO2 O2 O2 O2 O2
CO2
Capillary blood vessel is 1 cell thick – What is the purpose of that? 31

33. 3 ways CO2 is carried in your blood
70% as a bicarbonate ion in your plasma
CO2 + H2O carbonic acid bicarbonate ion
(H2CO3) (HCO3)
The bicarbonate ions reduce the pH in your blood and this is detected by the medulla.
20 % as carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO2) on RBCs
10 % floats in your plasma as CO2
carbonic
anhydrase

34. High Altitudes Hypoxia
Initially to compensate- hyperventilate and an increase in RBC (blood like motor oil)
25% of climbers experience:
AMS- Acute Mountain Sickness
brain swelling, headaches, nausea, weakness and shortness of breath
3660 meters: Some people experience
HACE- High Altitude Cerebral Edema
- brain swells severely
- trouble walking; using hands
- may hallucinate

35. HAPE- High Altitude Pulmonary Edema - lungs fill with fluid Mt
HAPE- High Altitude Pulmonary Edema - lungs fill with fluid Mt. Everest Climbers (Summit 8848 m) - climb slowly - Use bottled O2 - Be experienced (10-15 years)