1. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar
2/17/2019
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE by Armahedi Mahzar
WEEK 2
Goals and Paradigms
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

2. Last Week SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy
Explicit Aspects
Objects
Structure
Character
Methods
Processes
Functions
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

3. SYSTEMATICS Science as an Object of Philosophy
Implicit Aspects
Origin
Contexts
Goals
Paradigms
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

4. The Origin 1 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift)
Organismic Aristotlean Physics
Universe is living organism
Universe is geocentric
Matter is continuous
Space is finite
Time is cyclic
Mechanical Newtonian Physics
Universe is dead machine
Universe is heliocentric
Matter is atomic
Space is infinite
Time is linear
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

5. The Origin 2 (Newtonian Paradigm Shift)
Organismic Aristotlean Physics
Motion is explained
Stability is natural
Motion is caused by force
The origin of force is the Prime Mover
There are 4 kinds of causes
Mechanical Newtonian Physics
Motion is described
Inertial motion is natural
Change of speed and direction caused by force
The origin of force is other material objects
The efficient cause is the only cause
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

6. Contexts of Science Material Sociological Context
Technology
Economy
Ideological Cultural Context
Philosophy
Ideology
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7. Goals of Science Discovering the regularities in nature for
manipulating the natural phenomena and
conquering the natural limitations to
raise the welfare of mankind
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

8. Paradigms of Science (implicit philosophical bases of science)
Ontological Paradigms
Epistemological Paradigms
Axiological Paradigms
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ICAS Jakarta 2003

9. Ontological Paradigms
Materialism
Atomism
Mechanism
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10. Ontological Paradigm 1 Materialism
The objects of science are pieces of matter
Matter is the ultimate reality
Mind is a material property
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11. Ontological Paradigm 2 Atomism
The objects of science are the sum of parts
The property of material objects is determined by the interactions of parts
There are smallest parts of matter
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ICAS Jakarta 2003

12. Ontological Paradigm 3 Mechanism
The world is a great machine
The parts of the world are machines
To explain the world, find its mechanisms
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13. Epistemological Paradigms
Rationalism
Empiricism
Reductionism
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14. Epistemological Paradigm 1 Rationalism
The universe has a rational order
Science find natural laws rationally
Science uses Logics and Mathematics
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ICAS Jakarta 2003

15. Epistemological Paradigm 2 Empiricism
The source of scientific knowledge is in the senses
Instruments are the extensions of senses and muscles
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16. Epistemological Paradigm 3 Reductionism
The whole is the sum of the parts
The property of the whole is only caused by the interaction of the parts
All systems reduced to machines
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

17. Axiological Paradigm Neutralism Humanism Individualism 2/17/2019
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18. Axiological Paradigm 1 Neutralism
Science is about facts not values
Science is value-free
Science is neutral
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19. Axiological Paradigm 2 Humanism
Science is human knowledge
Science is the highest knowledge
Science is for human welfare
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ICAS Jakarta 2003

20. Axiological Paradigm 3 Individualism
Science is atomistic
Individual is the atom of society
The ultimate goal of science is the happiness of the individuals
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003

21. Next Week
CRISIS & CRITICISMS
2/17/2019
ICAS Jakarta 2003