1. Adaptations/Migration
Materials
Writing Utensil
Notebook
Agenda
Attendance
Adaptations Notes
Monarch Butterflies reading

2. Types of Adaptation
Anything that helps an organism survive in its environment is an adaptation. 
It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments. 
Structural adaptation
Protective coloration
Mimicry 
Behaviour adaptations
Migration
Hibernation

3. Structural adaptations
A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body.
Teeth
Body coverings   
Movement
A structural adaptation involves some part of an animal's body, such as the size or shape of the teeth, the animal's body covering, or the way the animal moves.  
Teeth - since different animals eat different things, they don't all have the same kind of teeth
Body coverings - Hair, scales, spines, and feathers grow from the skin.  All of these parts help animals survive in their environments.  
Movement - animals find food by moving from place to place

4. Protective Coloration
Coloration and protective resemblance allow an animal to blend into its environment. 
Another word for this might be camouflage.  Their camouflage makes it hard for enemies to single out individuals.  

5. Mimicry
Mimicry allows one animal to look, sound, or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous.  
Coral snake (left) very poinsonous & Milk snake (right)

6. Behavior adaptations
Behavior adaptations include activities that help an animal survive. 
Behavior adaptations can be learned or instinctive.
Social behavior  
Behavior for protection  
Behavior adaptations include activities that help an animal survive.  Behavior adaptations can be learned or instinctive. (a behavior an animal is born with).
Social behavior - some animals live by themselves, while other live in groups. 
Behavior for protection -  An animal's behavior sometimes helps to protect the animal.  For instance the opossum plays dead.  A rabbit freezes when it thinks it has been seen. 

7. Migration Animals migrate for different reasons. better climate
better food
safe place to live
safe place to raise young
go back to the place they were born.
This is when behavioral adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again. 
Migration-is the behavioral adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again. 
Animals migrate for different reasons.  The reasons are as follows.
better climate
better food
safe place to live
safe place to raise young
go back to the place they were born.

8. Hibernation
This is deep sleep in which animal’s body temp drops, body activities are slowed to conserve energy.
E.g. Bats, woodchucks & bears.
Hibernation- is a deep sleep in which an animal's body temperature drops to about the temperature of the environment.  Body activities, such as heartbeat and breathing are slowed causing the animal to need very little food. 
Animals that hibernate are 
bats 
woodchucks
snakes 
bears.
During the hibernation the animals live off of the fat that is stored in their body. 

9. Natural Color Adaptation
Peppered Moths
Natural Color Adaptation

10. Light-colored moth on normal lichen-covered tree trunk.
(2003). Tropical Ecology and Entomology Research Group. Retrieved January 12, 2007, from Oxford University Zoology Department Web site:

11. Dark and light-colored moths on lichen-covered tree trunk.
Can you find the light-colored moth?
Holdredge, Craig (Fall, 2002). The Tyranny of a Concept: The Case of the Peppered Moth. The Nature Institute, 8, Retrieved 1/11/07, from

12. Dark and light-colored moths on soot-covered tree trunk.
"Evolution," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

13. Both moths on normal lichen-covered tree trunk.
Both moths on normal soot-covered tree trunk.
Lendvai, Gabor (7-1-98). Natural Selection. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from BIO 304. Ecology & Evolution Population Genetics Web site:

14. Animal Migration

15. What is Migration?
Migration is the regular movement of animals from one location to another.
Prerequisites for migration:
Sustained movement
Physical endurance
Mechanisms for storing energy
Designated food sources on the migration route
Migration ensures animals will have adequate food supplies & will be able to reproduce.

16. Types of Migration Migration may occur:
As a round trip
As a return migration
Corresponds with the seasons
Some require a lifetime to complete:
Ex: Pacific salmon
Born in freshwater streams
Travel to the ocean
Return to the stream where they were born
Spawn and then die

17. Knowing When to Migrate
How do animals know when it is time to migrate?
Internal signals
Hormones trigger an overwhelming urge to…
eat, mate & reproduce
External signals (clues)
Temperature change
Daylight hours
Scarce food supply

18. Migration Destinations
How do animals know where to go?
Specialized abilities to navigate
External forces
Ex.: wind & water currents
Landmarks:
Ex.: coastlines, mountain ranges, river valleys & distinctive odors
Sun:
Track the passage of days and months
Track their position in relationship to the sun

19. Migration Destinations (cont.)
Internal Clues
Are sensitive to a mineral known as magnetite
Found in many animals, including humans
Allows animals to use the earth’s magnetic field as a guide.
Ex.: Gray whales
Large amount of magnetite in their retinas
Helps them navigate their 10,000 mile journey

20. Migration: Behavior or Instinct?
Monarch butterfly
Migration is instinctive
Fly without guidance or previous experience
Use little or no directional clues
Learning migration behaviors for most animals is critical to their survival.

21. Migration Behaviors Most animals must learn their migratory routes.
Older members of the group teach the younger animals:
The route traveled
Valuable strategies and/or behaviors
Humans teach younger animals, too.
Ultra-light aircraft
Taught various species of cranes their migration routes
Animals who are not taught these behaviors will not likely survive.

22. Why Migrate? Most animals migrate for two reasons: Food & water:
Will migrate to find these resources
Reproduction:
Safe environment for bearing & nursing offspring.
Abundant food sources

23. Hazards of Migration Two categories: Natural hazards:
Climate changes
Drought
Food Supply
Predators
Physical demands of migration
Man-made hazards:
Barriers (fences, dams, & skyscrapers)
Water, aircraft, & fishing practices