1. Chapter 19 – Early Latin America
Dr. Afxendiou
AP World History 9
Sachem North High School

2. THE AZTECS

3. The Incas

4. Some geography… The Iberian Peninsula

5. What was the Iberian peninsula like in the 15th century?

6. 15th century on the Iberian peninsula
Urbanized – cities, towns, villages
System of nobility
Patriarchal social structure
Use of slaves – through Trans-Saharan trade
Bureaucracy supported the central governments
Religion and the church supported the political system
Political unification through the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille
1492 the fall of Granada – last Muslim kingdom
Castille expels Jewish population

7. Spanish and Portuguese ideas, beliefs and traditions transplanted in the Americas
The encomienda system makes this all possible

8. How many phases did the conquest of the Americas go through?

9. Three phases of conquest
1st phase
administration and economy established
The Caribbean model
The birth of the encomienda system
2nd phase
colonial institutions and societies take shape
3rd phase
1700s
Period reform and reorganization planted the seeds of revolution

10. 1st phase The Conquistadors (the conquerors)
Not soldiers but explorers guided by the 3Gs
PIP CAM to conquer (not chronological)
Cortes – Aztecs – Mexico
1519
600 men
Malinche
kingdom of New Spain

11. 1st phase The Conquistadors (the conquerors)
Pizarro – Incas – Peru
1533
200 men
civil war
guile
By the end of the 1st phase there were 192 cities and towns

12. What were the reasons for the success of the Spanish conquest?

13. REASONS FOR SPANISH SUCCESS
Superior military technology
weapons – muskets, cannons
Horses – natives had never seen such an animal and it frightened them
Spanish armor and helmets protected soldiers from arrows and spears
Ruthless leaders among the Spanish
Division among the native groups – Aztecs and Incas were hated by rival groups they had defeated. Spanish made the enemies their allies
Disease - measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus
Destruction of Tenochtitlan signaled the end of the world – the Aztecs believed they would die anyway

14. MORAL QUESTIONS
What moral questions were raised by the conquest?

15. MORAL QUESTIONS Were the Indians fully human?
Was it proper to convert them to Christianity?
Was the conquest of their land justified?
Answers:
Conquest necessary in order to spread the gospel
Aristotle – some people were born to serve, Indians were not fully human they stood to gain the light of salvation.

16. Who was Bartolome de las Casas?

17. Father Bartolome de las Casas
Former conquistador and encomendero
Critic of the brutal ways of the Spaniards
Indians were rational people who had never harmed Christianity
Conquest was unjustified

18. How did the conquest change the Americas?

19. The Americas are transformed
Demographic catastrophe result of disease, enslavement and mistreatment, war
Exploitation of native populations
Encomienda-natives taxed, used for labor and as servants
Mita-forced labor extracted by colonial government – mines and government projects
Indians move to cities to avoid mita and tax obligations – become urban workers

20. Colonial Economy 80% of population worked the land
Haciendas-rural estates worked by natives, basis of local economy, production for local consumption
However, most important activity was mining
Metals connected the Americas to the world economy
Silver – Mexico and Peru
Potosi- Peru (Bolivia)
Ranches – raising sheep – wool, small textile sweatshops
America became self sufficient for basic foods and material goods, imported only luxuries from Europe

21. Colonial Economy Silver a central commodity
Transformed and weakened Spain
Silver flowed continuously to Spain from colonies
Spain used silver to pay for European wars, pay off long term debts, to get manufactured goods to sell back to the West Indies.
Silver caused prices to go up in Spain, inflation (which spread throughout Europe)
Spain borrowed on the prospect of more silver weakening its economy

22. How did Spain rule its colonies?

23. Governing the colonies
Bureaucracy-based on educated group of lawyers - letrados
Head of government the king and queen
Their right to rule the colonies came from a papal grant
Treaty of Tortesillas
Clarified right of possession
between Spain and Portugal

24. Governing the colonies
King ruled from Spain
viceroys
represented kings
had extensive military, legislative and judicial power
10 audiencias in each viceroyalty
Judicial divisions – courts – helped make and apply laws
Council of the Indies
Advised king and set laws for the colonies

25. Brazil Pedro Alvarez Cabral – 1500
Settled by nobles who were given land – capitaincies
Developed sugar plantations
Used native labor
African slaves
Port cities developed to
serve plantations

26. Brazil Became the world’s largest sugar producer
Combined agriculture and industry to produce sugar (cut, pressed, boiled)
Required a lot of labor
Huge numbers of slaves imported
By 17th century half of Brazil’s population was slaves

27. Brazil 1695 gold is discovered
People move inland, new immigrants from Portugal
More native populations destroyed
Slave labor in mines
New wealth allowed Brazil to buy its luxuries from Europe never creating industry itself – remained dependent

28. Describe the social structure that developed in the Americas.

29. Social Structure
The Americas become multiracial – Indians, Europeans and Africans
Hierarchical organization
Castas – mixed background – mestizos – higher socially than Indians
Mulatto

30. Social Pyramid PENINSULARES CREOLES MESTIZZOS/MULATTOS
NATIVE INDIANS/AFRICANS

31. The 3rd phase – the 18th century and its reforms
Spain weakened by wars, debt, weak rulers and internal revolts
Other European countries are getting stronger – French, Dutch, English – and Spain loses territories to them
Spain starts to lose control of governing colonies to local aristocrats (Creoles)
War of Spanish Succession – new family of kings

32. Discuss the Bourbon reforms.

33. The Bourbon Reforms
The new Spanish ruling family (related to French king)
Economic, administrative and military reforms to strengthen Spain and its empire
Tighter tax system
New bureaucratic models copied from the French
Navy reformed and investment in new ships

34. Bourbon Reforms Reforms in the colonies New viceroyalties
Royal investigators to
find out and uproot
corruption and abuses
Creoles removed from
colonial bureaucracy
(dissatisfaction brewing)

35. Reactions to reforms - revolts
Comunero Revolt-
1781, New Granada
Failed because of racial and social divisions within the rebel group
An Indian uprising
Late 1780, Peru
Tupac Amaru – a mestizzo, descendant of Incas
Failed because it was not supported by the Creoles