1. Quick Write What is evolution?
Describe the mechanism and how, depending on the environment, the selection can vary.
Give examples of how genetic variation can enter a population at the molecular level AND at the population level.

2. Evolutionary History and Biodiversity
Ms. Klinkhachorn
March 25, 2011
AP Biology

3. Saturday Sessions THIS Saturday (April 2) 9 to 11 am at Uplift April 9
New information NOT review
April 9
10 to 1 pm
April 30
9 am to 1 pm
May 7 (?)

4. Midterm Vocab questions, short answer, multiple choice
Covers evolution

5. Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

6. Introduction There are an estimated 100 million+ species in the world
Only 1.5 million are named!
How do scientists categorize and name these species so that the scientific community understands what is being discussed?
How do we avoid confusion?

7. Phylogeny
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species
Uses
Fossils
Morphology
Homologous structures
Genetic information

8. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying living things
Names written in Latin, internationally recognized system
Organisms are put into categories based on a number of characteristics
Organisms that are similar to each other are placed in the same categories

9. Classification Organisms are classified by:
physical structure (how they look)
embryonic similarities (embryos)
genetic similarities (DNA)
biochemical similarities (enzymes)

10. Classification Levels
Levels within levels
Each level is generally referred to as a taxon
From least specific to most specific:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

11. How Can We Remember This?
King Philip Came Over For Ginger Snaps
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

12. Binomial Nomenclature
Two-part naming system consisting of the genus and the species
Underlined or written in italics
Capitalize the genus
Developed by Linnaeus
Example: Canis familiaris

14. Animalia Chordata Reptilia Saurischia
Tyrannasauridae Tyrannosaurus rex

15. Common Name: Tomato
Plantae Streptophyta Asteridae Solanales Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum

16. Example: Mushroom What is the most specific classification?
Fungi Zygomycota Zygomycetes Mortierellales Mortierellaceae Lobosporangium transversale
What is the most specific classification?
What is the Phylum?
What is the Genus?

17. Example: Leopards
Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera pardus

18. Cladograms Depict patterns of shared characteristics among taxa
Cladograms have branches.
these represent different traits (characteristics)
The closer branches are on the cladogram, the more shared characteristics the organisms on those branches will have.
Closer branches = more related
The more traits an organism has in the cladogram, the more evolved it is
Primitive  Advanced

20. Impact of New Information
Taxonomy is in flux
Current system = 3 Domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

21. Three Domains Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya
Prokaryotic organisms, but different lineages
Eukarya
Eukaryotic organisms

22. Characteristics of the Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Nuclear Envelope No
Yes
Membrane-bound organelles
Introns
Histone proteins associated with DNA
Circular chromosome