1. Authors: Damjan Fujs Miha ZEMLJIČ
PERCEPTION OF ORGANIZED CRIME, SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN SLOVENIA
Authors:
Damjan Fujs
Miha ZEMLJIČ
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

2. Introduction Goals of the presentation.
Mainly statistics of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia.
Annual police reports and some issues concerning measurement of organized crime.
Research from the year of 2011 and 2017 about perception of local residents in Slovenia of organized crime, prostitution, sexual assaults and rapes.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

3. Organized crime in Slovenia
One of the basic definitions of organized crime defines organized crime as a group of people profiting from criminal activity that is carefully planed (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007).
It is hard to measure organized crime because of the wide range of shapes of criminality and secret activity of criminal groups (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007).
Some of the main characteristics of organized crime are major damage in economy, secret operations of criminal groups, neutralization of criminal prosecution and so on (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007).
Why is measuring of organized crime so problematic?
Different definitions in the world.
Differences in the judicial systems.
Different types of methods in data and statistic collections of organized crime.
The influence of other social and political factors (politics, media and others)
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

4. Organized crime in Slovenia
Criminal investigators in Slovenia are using the instructions of Europol regarding the definition of organized crime and its criminal offences and are using the criminal-law definitions of criminal offences (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007).
The scale and type of organized crime is determined by the quantity and quality analysis of the data. Criminal investigators define criminal offences as organized crime if they concern frauds, concealments, smuggling, corruption and money laundering, and some other violent offences (murders, extortions), illegal trading of weapons, trafficking and smuggling human beings and trading with illegal drugs (Meško and Dobovšek, 2007).
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

5. Police statistics Criminal offences that are statistically shown in
Type of crime
Number of criminal offences
 Number of investigations
Damage
(EUR)
Total
Economic
Organized
9.165
1.968 88
6.946
1.854 85
Criminal offences that are statistically shown in
previous years but the investigations continued
in the year of 2011.
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016
Type of crime
Number of criminal offences
Number of investigations
Damage
(EUR)
Total
Economic
Organized
8.656
2.682
141
6.941
2.497
138
Criminal offences that are statistically shown in
previous years but the investigations continued
in the year of 2016.
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

6. Police statistics
Criminal offences with no judicial base for prosecution
Types of crime
Type of crime
2011
2016
Total
Economic
Organized
17.395
1.683 5
6.955
1.565 17
Type of crime
2011
2016
Total
Economic
Organized
88.722
12.746
318
61.574
10.179
403
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016
Number of charged individuals
Type of crime
2011
2016
Total
Economic
Organized
18.922
2.651
129
15.318
2.332
236
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2011/2016
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

7. Number of criminal acts
Types of crime
Number of criminal acts
2010
2011
2015
2016
Prohibited Crossing of State Border or Territory 45 10 62 51
Counterfeiting Money - 7 12
Illegal Manufacture of and Trade in Weapons or Explosive Materials 9 4 6
Exploitation through Prostitution 1 2
Unlawful Manufacture and Trade of Narcotic Drugs, Illicit Substances in Sport and Precursors to Manufacture Narcotic Drugs
184
231
228
267
Rendering Opportunity for Consumption of Narcotic Drugs or Illicit Substances in Sport 3
Larceny
Grand Larceny 24 15 11
Robbery 16 21
Fraud
Extortion and blackmail 14 8
TOTAL
300
303
329
364
Organized crime
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2010/2011, 2015/2016
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

8. (Security occurrence in police districts)_violence on the street.
Perception of respondents of violence on the street in Slovenia
(Security occurrence in police districts)_violence on the street.
Frequency
Percent %
Valid Percent %
Cumulative Percent %
Valid
not a problem at all
665
29,9
30,0
not a problem
629
28,2
28,4
58,4
do not know
518
23,3
23,4
81,8
a big problem
248
11,1
11,2
93,0
a very big problem
156
7,0
100,0
Total
2216
99,5
Missing 99 11
0,5
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

9. (Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime.
Perception of respondents of organized crime in Slovenia
(Security occurrence in police districts)_organized crime.
Frequency
Percent %
Valid Percent %
Cumulative Percent %
Valid
not a problem at all
540
24,2
24,4
not a problem
502
22,5
22,7
47,0
do not know
568
25,5
25,6
72,7
a big problem
342
15,4
88,1
a very big problem
264
11,9
100,0
Total
2216
99,5
Missing 99 11
0,5
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

10. Misuse of prostitution and human trafficking Misuse of prostitution
„The world‘s oldest profession“
and
„Victimless Crime“
- decriminalised in 2003
- under constraint, pimping, exploitation
- „moved from the street to the internet.“
The causes of prostitution:
Violent family backgrounds (no love)
Recklessness („why not?“)
Financial problems
Bad company
Drugs – drug abuse
Poverty and economic distress
Alcoholism
Juvenile Delinquency
Misuse of prostitution and human trafficking
Number of criminal acts
Number of suspect who have been charged
Increase/decrease
[in %]
2015
2016
Misuse of prostitution 5 10 …
Human trafficking 38 31
140
123
-5,4
TOTAL 43
-12,1
Source: Annual reports of Slovenian police 2016
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

11. (Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution
Perception of respondents of prostitution in Slovenia
(Security occurrence in police districts)_prostitution
Frequency
Percent %
Valid Percent %
Cumulative Percent %
Valid
Not a problem at all
1045
46,9
47,1
Not a problem
497
22,3
22,4
69,5
Do not know
375
16,8
16,9
86,4
A big problem
190
8,5
8,6
95,0
A very big problem
112
5,0
100,0
Total
2219
99,6
Missing 99 8
0,4
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

12. Sex related offences (Criminal code of the Republic of Slovenia)
Types of crime
Number of criminal acts
Increase/decrease
[in %]
Number of investigated criminal offences
The share of investigated criminal offences
2015
2016
Rape 42 33 … 40 30
95,2
90,9
- Completed 39 28 37 26
94,9
92,9
- Attempted 3 5 4
100,0
80,0
Sexual violence 43 23 34
76,7
79,1
Violation of sexual integrity by abuse of position 12 7
Sexual assault on a person below fifteen years of age 81
134
65,4 73
116
90,1
86,6
Solicitation of children for sexual purposes 9 2 8
50,0
88,9
Presentation, Manufacture, Possession and distribution on pornographic material 69
110
59,4 59 99
85,5
Other 20 …. 17 16
85,0
TOTAL
258
356
38,0
226
310
87,6
87,1
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

13. (Security occurrence in police districts)_sexual assaults, rapes
Perception of respondents of sexual assaults and rapes in Slovenia
(Security occurrence in police districts)_sexual assaults, rapes
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Not a problem at all
999
44,9
45,1
Not a problem
597
26,8
26,9
72,0
Do not know
353
15,9
88,0
A big problem
130
5,8
5,9
93,8
A very big problem
137
6,2
100,0
Total
2216
99,5
Missing 99 11 ,5
2227
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

14. Pajnik, M., & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on trafficking and prostitution: the case of Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

15. Pajnik, M., & Kavčič, U. (2006). The demand side of sex: perspectives on trafficking and prostitution: the case of Slovenia. Mirovni inštitut.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

16. PROBLEMS? STATISTICS - Dark field PROSTITUTION Taxes
Ignorance/acceptance
Health
Risk of infection
Morality
Profits from prostitution feed organized crime
SEXUAL ASSAULTS/ RAPE
Trauma
Children
Courts
STATISTICS
- Dark field
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

17. Example of „legalised“ prostitution in Slovenia:
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

18. A movie called Slovenka (Slovenian girl), which talks about a Slovenian girl, who studies in Ljubljana (the capital), while in secret working as a prostitute.
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

19. NGO
Cooperating and notifying each other on signs or suspicions of trafficking in human beings.
The Office of the State Prosecutor General of the Republic of Slovenia 
II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018

20. II. International student conference „Safety in local communities-legal and criminological perspectives“’, Podgorica., 4 April 2018