1. Figure 1.1 Surface anatomy.
Cephalic
Cephalic
Frontal
Otic
Orbital
Occipital
Nasal
Buccal
Upper limb
Oral
Acromial
Cervical
Mental
Brachial
Cervical
Antecubital
Thoracic
Olecranal
Dorsum
Sternal
Antebrachial
Scapular
Axillary
Carpal
Mammary
Vertebral
Abdominal
Umbilical
Lumbar
Pelvic
Manus (hand)
Sacral
Inguinal
Pollex
Palmar
Gluteal
Digital
Perineal
Lower limb
Pubic
Coxal
Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural
Sural
Fibular or peroneal
Thorax
Pedal (foot)
Abdomen
Tarsal
Back (Dorsum)
Calcaneal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux
Anterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal

2. Superior (cephalad) Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral)
Figure 1.2 Anatomical terminology describing body orientation and direction.
Superior (cephalad)
Posterior
(dorsal)
Anterior
(ventral)
Superior (dorsal)
Proximal
Posterior
(caudal)
Anterior
(cephalad)
Distal
Inferior (caudal)
Inferior (ventral)

3. Figure 1.3 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
Frontal section (through torso)
Transverse section (through
torso, inferior view)
Median (midsagittal) section
Spinal
cord
Left and
right lungs
Liver
Heart
Liver
Aorta
Pancreas
Rectum
Vertebral
column
Intestines
Stomach
Arm
Subcutaneous fat layer
Body wall
Spleen 3

4. Figure 1.5 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial
cavity
Cranial cavity
(contains brain)
Vertebral
cavity
Superior
mediastinum
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
(contains
heart and
lungs)
Pleural
cavity
Pericardial
cavity within
the mediastinum
Vertebral cavity
(contains spinal
cord)
Diaphragm
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Lateral view
Anterior view 4

5. Figure 1.6 Serous membranes of the ventral body cavities.
Parietal
peritoneum
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
peritoneum
Visceral
pleura
Parietal
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium 5

6. Figure 1.7 Abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ) 6

7. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic regions.
Liver
Diaphragm
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Spleen
Gallbladder
Stomach
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder 7