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Chapter 16 Reconstruction
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Reconstruction: the period from the end of the Civil War to 1877
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Reconstruction: the period from the end of the Civil War to 1877
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The Need for Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The Need for Reconstruction North: very little damage to property, industry was growing, immigration was continuing
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South vast property damage dead economy
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp South vast property damage dead economy need to integrate freed slaves (freemen) reestablish state governments
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Phases of Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Phases of Reconstruction Phase 1 ( ): Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln and Johnson) Phase 2 ( ): Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction Phase 3 ( ): Bourbon (Redeemers’) Reconstruction
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Presidential Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s justification: he had the power under the Constitution to pardon the South’s decision to rebel
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Lincoln’s Plan Ten Percent Plan, 1863
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Lincoln’s Plan Ten Percent Plan, 1863 The plan offered pardons to former Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution. When 10% of voters took the oath, the state could form a new government.
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Radical Republicans Object
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Radical Republicans Object Radical Republicans: wanted the South to be further punished controlled Congress following the war
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp The Wade-Davis Bill, 1864 re-entry into Union required 50% of voters of a state to take an oath of allegiance voters and officeholders had to swear they never voluntarily supported the Confederacy
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rescind acts of secession
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp abolish slavery rescind acts of secession abandon demands for government reimbursement of war debts
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp President Lincoln exercised the pocket veto to kill the Wade-Davis Bill.
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Andrew Johnson Takes Over
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Andrew Johnson Takes Over shared Lincoln’s belief that it was impossible for a state to secede
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offered amnesty to most Southerners
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Johnson’s Plan offered amnesty to most Southerners wealthy property owners had to apply to him personally appointed provisional state governments insisted they ratify the 13th Amendment
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp Although, by the end of 1865, most Southern states had met most of Johnson’s terms, Congress refused to seat representatives from the Southern states.
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Republicans’ Reaction Joint Committee on Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Republicans’ Reaction Joint Committee on Reconstruction angered that recent Southern elections had resulted in many former Confederates being elected
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wanted blacks to have equal freedom
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp wanted to confiscate Southern lands and distribute them among the newly freed slaves feared being in the minority since most Southern Congressmen were Democrats wanted blacks to have equal freedom
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allowed a few new basic rights made blacks into second-class citizens
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Black Codes allowed a few new basic rights made blacks into second-class citizens
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Radical Reconstruction led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Radical Reconstruction led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner gained a two-thirds majority in Congress could override Johnson’s vetoes
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first federal relief agency designed to provide aid for refugees
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The Freedmen’s Bureau first federal relief agency designed to provide aid for refugees despite some good results, it was plagued with corruption
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Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted full citizenship to blacks
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted full citizenship to blacks
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The Fourteenth Amendment
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to all people living in the United States based representation in Congress on a state’s entire population
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prohibited former Confederates from voting or holding office
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp prohibited former Confederates from voting or holding office refused to assume Confederate war debts
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divided the South into five military districts
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the South into five military districts gave blacks voting rights, while prohibiting former Confederates the same right
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had to hold open state conventions had to ratify the 14th Amendment
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp had to hold open state conventions had to ratify the 14th Amendment
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Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Scalawags and Carpetbaggers carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved south to help during Radical Reconstruction scalawags: white Southerners who supported Radical Reconstruction
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Impeachment of Johnson
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Impeachment of Johnson Tenure of Office Act: made it illegal to remove any cabinet appointee without Senate approval Edward Stanton (Secretary of War): removed from office
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp impeachment: to bring charges against a public official in an attempt to remove him from office Impeachment charges were brought against Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act.
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp President Johnson escaped being impeached by a margin of one vote. The Tenure of Office Act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court two decades later.
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Achievements in Foreign Affairs
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Achievements in Foreign Affairs France: Napoleon III had set up Archduke Maximilian as the puppet ruler of Mexico Johnson sent 50,000 troops to the border, forcing the French troops to evacuate.
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp Alaska: purchased from Russia by Secretary of State Seward in 1868 for $7 million “Seward’s Folly”
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defeated Horatio Seymour
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp President U. S. Grant defeated Horatio Seymour his time in office was marked by political corruption
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The Fifteenth Amendment
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The Fifteenth Amendment prevented states from denying the vote to any person “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” ensured that Republicans would stay in power
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Bourbon Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Bourbon Reconstruction began as a result of conservative Southerners trying to take over the Reconstruction process from Congress
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pardoned the rest of the former Confederate leaders
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp pardoned the rest of the former Confederate leaders General Amnesty Act: pardoned all but a few Confederate leaders convinced blacks to switch from the Republican Party to the Democrat Party
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The Disputed Election of 1876 candidates
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The Disputed Election of 1876 candidates Republican: Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat: Samuel Tilden
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
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decision: the results were investigated by a special commission
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp results: the results in three Southern states were disputed (FL, LA, SC) decision: the results were investigated by a special commission
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp compromise: Hayes given the presidency in exchange for withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South
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The election of Rutherford B. Hayes ended Radical Reconstruction.
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp The election of Rutherford B. Hayes ended Radical Reconstruction.
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Economic Aspects of Reconstruction end of plantation system
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Economic Aspects of Reconstruction end of plantation system no jobs for freedmen “forty acres and a mule”
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp Sharecropping Tenants farmed small plots of land and paid annual rent for the use of the land with a part of their crop.
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Industry “New South” mill towns
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Industry “New South” mill towns Entire communities were built near the mills as textiles became the dominant industry in the New South.
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Political Trends During Reconstruction
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Political Trends During Reconstruction “waving the bloody shirt”: blaming Southerners for the war in order to make political gains Solid South: the tendency of the entire South to vote solidly for Democrats
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Ku Klux Klan formed by Confederate soldiers in 1866
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Ku Klux Klan formed by Confederate soldiers in 1866 sought ways to oppose Radical Reconstruction and suppress blacks Congress passed the Force Act and the Ku Klux Klan Act to deal with Klan abuses
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted freedmen the same rights and legal protection as whites regardless of local laws
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Chapter 16 – Reconstruction
pp Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed equal accommodations for blacks in public places
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After the war, taxes and spending for public services increased.
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp After the war, taxes and spending for public services increased.
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Evaluating Reconstruction It was hard on the South.
Chapter 16 – Reconstruction pp Evaluating Reconstruction It was hard on the South. It did not go far enough. Its chances for success were limited by other changes taking place. Federal government became stronger.
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