1. Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.
Goal 2
Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

2. 2.01 Organic Molecules Contain carbon
Molecules of living things (or once living)
Make up all living things
Large & complex
Examples: mouse, wood, apple, bread, paper, bacteria

3. Carbohydrates C-H-O Long chains of simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Monosaccharides (simple sugar): glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose
form polysaccharides
Polysaccarides (complex): cellulose, glycogen, starch
IMPORTANT FUNCTION: provide energy for living things

4. Proteins C-H-O-N long chains of amino acids Joined by peptide bonds
Forms a polypeptide
(Examples are enzymes, insulin and hemoglobin)
IMPORTANT FUNCTION:
provide the structural & functional components of cells; growth; repair of cells/tissues

5. Lipids C-H-O Subunits are fatty acids and glycerol
EX: Fats, Oils, Waxes
Phospholipids, Triglycerides, Cholesterol
Parts of Cell membranes, sex hormones
IMPORTANT FUNCTION: long-term energy storage; insulation
Lipids

6. Nucleic Acids C-H-O-N-P DNA & RNA Subunits are nucleotides
Composed of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
DNA (A,C,T,G)
RNA (A,U,C,G)
IMPORTANT FUNCTION: Carries genetic information; instructions on how to make proteins
Nucleic Acids

7. Food Tests
Iodine is a test for starch. It starts as a rust color and turns black or blue/black.
Benedict’s solution is a test for simple sugars: monosaccharides. It starts blue and turns red if heated.

8. Food Tests Lipids turn brown paper translucent.
Biuret is a blue solution that turns purple in the presence of proteins

9. 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells
Cells are the basic unit of all living things.
All living things are made of cells.
Cells come only from other living cells.

10. Cell Organelles
Nucleus – contains DNA, regulates the functions of the cell.
Plasma membrane - regulates what goes into and out of the cell.
Ribosomes- where proteins are made

11. Cell Organelles
Mitochondria – where cellular respiration occurs; energy is released here

12. Cell Organelles
Cell wall – made of cellulose, protects plant cell and gives it shape.
Vacuoles – store food, water or waste. Large in plant cells, small in animal cells.
Chloroplast – where photosynthesis occurs.

13. Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts
Rectangular shape
No cell wall
Small vacuoles
No chloroplasts
Varied shape

14. Microscopes How do you focus? How do you let more light in?
How do you locate your specimen?
MAGNIFICATION:
Eyepiece x Objective = Total Magnification
Examples:
10x x 4x = 40x
10x x 10x = 100x

15. Hierarchy of cell organization
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ systems

16. Structure and Function
Nerve cells structure is well suited to carrying nerve impulses through the body.

17. Structure and Function
Red blood cells smooth disk shape is well suited to traveling through blood vessels. (carry oxygen)

18. Structure and Function
Muscle cells are long & spindle shape; allows for expanding & contracting to create movement
need a great deal of energy, so they have many mitochondria located in them.

19. Cell Communication Messages can travel from one nerve cell to another.
A neuron releases neurotransmitters to send a message to a muscle cell to stimulate the muscle to contract

20. Cell Communication
G proteins act like relay batons to pass messages from circulating hormones into cells. A hormone (red) encounters a receptor (blue) in the membrane of a cell.
A G protein (green) becomes activated and makes contact with the receptor to which the hormone is attached.
The G protein passes the hormone's message to the cell by switching on a cell enzyme (purple) that triggers a response.

21. 2.03 Cell Transport and Homeostasis
Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment
Plasma Membrane:
Maintains homeostasis

22. Semi-permeable membrane
Allows small molecules to pass through but not large ones.

23. Semi permeable membrane

24. Example – regulation of temperature
Sweating- release
Perspiration to cool
Body down

25. Example – regulation of temperature
Shivering: movement of muscles generate heat

26. Examples – pH of blood
Buffers in blood help to keep blood from becoming too acidic or too basic.

27. Example – blood glucose level
Insulin removes glucose from your blood by turning it into glycogen in your liver and muscles.
Glucagon puts glucose into your blood by converting glycogen into glucose.

28. Example – water balance
Too much water? Urinate frequently and it is very dilute. Too little water? Urinate infrequently and it is very concentrated. KIDNEYS: regulate water balance in body

29. Transport (types) PASSIVE TRANSPORT
(no energy required to move molecules)
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
(energy – ATP - is required to move molecules)
Transport (types)

30. Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT: difference in conc on 2 sides of a barrier <H/L>

31. Osmosis Diffusion of water thru a membrane. Movement continues until
Equilibrium is
reached

32. Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of molecules too large to pass through membrane without help…protein carrier molecules in cell membrane help move in these molecules
EX: glucose

33. Active Transport
Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration.
Movement against the concentration gradient
Requires Energy!

34. Examples of transport RBC in RBC in RBC in
Salt water normal blood distilled water

35. Examples of transport

36. 2.04 Characteristics of Enzymes
Enzymes are protein molecule that function as biological catalysts
They speed up cellular reactions
End in -ase

37. HOW ENZYMES WORK…
Specific fit with substrate so each enzyme has special job.(lock and key)
Meet at enzymes active site.
Enzymes aren’t used up so they can be re-used after it has done its job.
Necessary for all biochemical reactions.

38. Effects of the environment on enzymes
Environmental changes can destroy enzymes (change their chemical structure and make them ineffective)
Enzyme is denatured
pH, temperature

39. 2.05 Respiration and Photosynthesis
ATP
Adenosine Tri-phosphate
Energy molecule for cell activities
Made from ribose, adenine, and three phosphate molecules
Energy is stored when phosphate bond is formed, and released when the bond is broken (makes ADP)
Important cycle in respiration and photosynthesis

40. ATP
When high energy phosphate bond is broken  energy released and ADP made.

41. All living organisms respire to release energy
Cellular Respiration
All living organisms respire to release energy

42. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
OXYGEN REQUIRED
Occurs in MITOCHONDRION
36 ATP’s produced
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose & oxygen needed
Carbon dioxide, water, energy produced

43. Anaerobic Respiration
Without Oxygen
Not as efficient; only 2 ATP’s
2 Types (also called FERMENTATION)
1) alcoholic fermentation produces alcohol (yeast)
2) lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (muscle cells and bacteria)

44. Compare and Contrast Anaerobic Respiration Without oxygen Cytoplasm
2 ATP
Yeast, bacteria
24/7
Aerobic Respiration
With oxygen
Mitochondria
36 ATP
Multicellular organisms
24/7

45. Photosynthesis
Plants convert solar energy from sun into chemical energy (ATP)
Occurs in chloroplast
Plants, algae, blue-green bacteria
Only occurs during the day
What might effect the rate of photosynthesis?
Amount of CO2 in atmosphere