1. WATER & CLIMATE
(p. 135)

2. 8-1) EARTH’S WATER Origin of Water
Most of Earth’s water was formed early on by outgassing.

3. the seeping out of gases from Earth’s interior.
outgassing
the seeping out of gases from Earth’s interior.
It occurs through cracks and volcanic eruptions in Earth’s surface.
Hydrothermal vents ("black smokers"),
2250m down on the ocean floor west of Vancouver Island,
on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.

4. http://www. cnn. com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/27/am. kaku

5. 97 % of the Earth’s water is salt water.
3 % is fresh water
Most of that fresh water (2.1%) is ice (glaciers).
Only 0.9 % is accessible (streams, lakes or
groundwater).
Water on Earth….

6. Water Cycle (aka hydrologic cycle)
A model used to illustrate the movement and phase changes of water at and near Earth’s surface.
The water cycle is driven by;
insolation
gravity.

7. The source for the
water on land is the
ocean.
Water reaches the land by the process of precipitation.

8. Four things may happen to precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface…
Evapo-transpiration.

9. Stored on the surface (ice/snow).
Lassen Peak, CA

10. Infiltrates the lithosphere and becomes groundwater.
Infiltrates – seeps or sinks into.

11. Flows over Earth’s surface as runoff.

12. WATER CYCLE VOCABULARY

13. evaporation the change in state from liquid to a gas.
It can happen when liquids are cold or when they are warm. It happens more often with warmer liquids. Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules, not about the average energy of a system. The average energy can be low and the evaporation still continues.

14. transpiration
the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere.
Some desert plants have roots that extend 20 meters into the ground). Plants pump the water up from the soil to deliver nutrients to their leaves. This pumping is driven by the evaporation of water through small pores called "stomates", which are found on the undersides of leaves. Transpiration accounts for approximately 10% of all evaporating water.

15. condensation
change in state from a gas to a liquid.

16. precipitation
falling liquid or solid water from clouds toward Earth’s surface.

17. infiltration (seepage)
water entering or sinking into the upper parts of Earth’s lithosphere.
(lithosphere - layer of rock that forms the solid outer shell at the top of Earth’s interior)

18. groundwater
the subsurface water found beneath the water table in the zone of saturation.

19. runoff
all water flowing at Earth’s surface.
(includes stream flow).

20. 2
condensation 3
precipitation 1
transpiration
evaporation 6
runoff 7 4
infiltration 5
groundwater

21. INFILTRATION OR
RUNOFF?

22. Characteristics of Earth’s surface determines whether water infiltrates or becomes runoff.

23. 1 – Slope of the Land
Water does not have time to soak in when there is a steep slope.
Infiltration Basin

24. steep slope
little infiltration
more runoff
gentle slope
more infiltration
less runoff

25. 2 – Degree of Saturation
Water can not enter the ground if the ground is saturated.

26. saturated soil
little infiltration
more runoff
unsaturated soil
more infiltration
less runoff

27. 3 – Porosity
porosity - the percentage of open space (pores and cracks) in a material compared to its total volume.
High porosity
allows more
infiltration.

28. 3 - label the location of a pore space.
diagram;
1 - draw mineral grains.
2 - shade in the minerals.
3 - label the location of a pore space.
Pore space

29. POROSITY IS AFFECTED BY...

30. A - shape
rounded particles have the greatest porosity.

31. flat/angular particles
diagram;
rounded particles
high porosity
(infiltration)
flat/angular particles
low porosity
(runoff)

32. B - packing
closely packed particles will have lower porosity.

33. high porosity (infiltration) low porosity (runoff)
diagram;
loosely packed
high porosity
(infiltration)
tightly packed
low porosity
(runoff)

34. C – sorting
well sorted particles will all be the same size and they will have a higher porosity than poorly sorted particles.
WELL SORTED
POORLY SORTED

35. high porosity (infiltration) low porosity (runoff)
diagram;
well sorted
high porosity
(infiltration)
poorly sorted
low porosity
(runoff)

36. FOR POROSITY…. (PARTICLE)
SIZE DOES
NOT MATTER
Large particles
Large spaces
Few spaces
small particles
small spaces
many spaces

37. 4 – Permeability
permeability - the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through it.
impermeable = water can not pass through.
The greater the permeability, the greater the infiltration.

38. permeable impermeable
diagram;
permeable
impermeable

39. PERMEABLIITY IS AFFECTED BY...

40. Particle Size; larger particle size = greater permeability.
ESRT p.6

41. high permeability low permeability
large
pore
spaces
diagram;
Small
pore
spaces
large particles
high permeability
small particles
low permeability

42. Porosity; a porous material may be impermeable if pores are not connected.

43. pore spaces not connected
diagram;
gas bubble
pore spaces connected
porous & permeable
pore spaces not connected
porous & impermeable

44. c) Packing; tight packing or cementing of particles may seal off pores = lower permeability.

45. DON’T COPY loosely packed tightly packed high permeability
diagram;
loosely packed
high permeability
(infiltration)
tightly packed
low permeability
(runoff)

46. Non-porous & impermeable
cement
diagram;
pore spaces empty
porous & permeable
pore spaces filled with cement
Non-porous & impermeable

47. d) Temperature; during the winter, ice may seal off pores.

48. water flows = permeable water freezes = impermeable
ice
diagram;
temperature above 32oF
water flows = permeable
temperature below 32oF
water freezes = impermeable

49. 5 – Capillarity (aka. capillary action)
water moves upward against gravity.
capillary action is
greatest for small
particles.
small particles = small pore spaces = greater capillarity.

50. small particles large particles small pore spaces large pore spaces
diagram;
small particles
small pore spaces
greater capillarity
large particles
large pore spaces
less capillarity

51. 6 – Vegetation vegetation intercepts falling precipitation.
runoff is slowed.
water has more time to seep into the soil.

52. vegetation
runoff is slowed
more infiltration
no vegetation
rapid runoff
less infiltration

53. 7 – Land Use roads, parking lots and buildings are impermeable.
less seepage (infiltration) means more runoff (flooding).

54. roads and building exposed soil impermeable surface permeable surface
diagram;
roads and building
impermeable surface
no infiltration
more runoff
exposed soil
permeable surface
more infiltration
less runoff

55. FACTORS THAT AFFECT INFILTRATION
INFILTRATION OCCURS WHEN…
RUNOFF OCCURS WHEN
Steep
Gentle
SLOPE
FACTORS
THAT
AFFECT
INFILTRATION
Saturated
Unsaturated
SATURATION
Low
High
POROSITY
impermeable
High
PERMEABILITY
Low
High
CAPILLARITY No
Abundant
VEGETATION
Nature
Buildings, roads…
LAND USE

56. Which set of surface soil conditions on a hillside would result in the most infiltration of rainfall?
(1) gentle slope, saturated soil, no vegetation
(2) gentle slope, unsaturated soil, vegetation
(3) steep slope, saturated soil, vegetation
(4) steep slope, unsaturated soil, no vegetation

57. PRACTICE pebbles pebbles silt / mixture mixture
Greatest rate of infiltration…………..
Greatest permeability………………..
Greatest capillarity…………………..
Smallest porosity………………………..
pebbles
silt / mixture
mixture

58. RUNOFF & STREAM DISCHARGE
Runoff can occur when…
rate of precipitation exceeds rate of infiltration.
pore space is saturated with water.
slope is too great for infiltration.
Most runoff flows into streams.

59. The greater the amount of runoff, the greater the amount of stream discharge.
water flowing in
stream.
Flooding occurs when a stream over flows its normal channel.

60. In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of
(1) precipitation (3) runoff
(2) infiltration (4) snow melt

61. 8.2) CLIMATE
climate
the overall view of a region's weather conditions over a long period of time.

63. There are two major aspects of climate
temperature.
moisture.

64. Two characteristics of the temperature;
average temperature
for the year.
annual temperature range - the difference between the hottest and the coldest months.

65. Moisture
Climates can be classified as arid or humid.

66. Whether the climate is arid or humid is not determined by
Arid climate =
precipitation is less than evapotranspiration.
Humid climate =
precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration.
Whether the climate is arid or humid is not determined by
the total amount of precipitation alone.

67. SEVEN FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE

68. 1 – LATITUDE (major influence)
Latitude will affect…
temperature and
moisture

69. Latitude and temperature
(0o, equator)
At low latitudes….
angle of insolation and duration of insolation.
average temperature, for the year, is .
there is variation temperature
( range).
high
long
high
little
small

70. (90o, poles) low varies 0 to 24 low large At high latitudes…
angle of insolation and duration ( hours).
average temperature, for the year,
is .
temperature range, from winter to summer.
low
varies
0 to 24
low
large

71. High latitudes (90o)
Low average temp.
Large temp. range
Low latitudes (0o)
High average temp.
Small temp. range

72. Latitude and moisture low high humid high little arid
moisture depends on the
location of planetary wind and pressure belts.
rising air ( pressure) = precipitation and climates.
sinking air ( pressure) = precipitation and climates.
low
high
humid
high
little
arid

74. Tl Rl Th Rs wet dry wet Mark the following locations on the map.
In this example, we are only considering the effects of latitude.
Th – line of latitude that will have the highest average yearly temp.
Tl – line of latitude that will have the lowest average yearly temp.
Rs – line of latitude that will have the smallest yearly temperature range.
Rl – line of latitude that will have the largest yearly temperature range.
Wet – zone where rising air will produce a wet climate.
Dry – zone where sinking air will produce a dry climate. Tl Rl
wet
dry Th
wet Rs

75. The average temperature at Earth’s equator is higher than the average temperature at Earth’s South Pole because the South Pole
(1) receives less intense insolation
(2) receives more infrared radiation
(3) has less land area
(4) has more cloud cover
Which climatic conditions exist where the trade winds converge?
(1) cool and wet (3) warm and wet
(2) cool and dry (4) warm and dry

76. 2 - LARGE BODIES OF WATER A large body of water, will
moderate the temperature of a nearby landmass.
Water heats and cools .
(due to__Cp___)
slowly
slowly

77. Marine vs Continental climates

78. Marine climates
land areas whose temperatures are moderated by a nearby body of water.
summers.
winters.
annual temperature range.
cooler
warmer
smaller

79. Continental climates
inland areas, away from water.
winters.
summers.
annual temperature range.
cooler
hotter
larger

80. EXAMPLE 2; MARINE vs CONTINENTAL
Shade the areas on the map where there would be a marine climate.
(In this example we will ignore the planetary winds.)

81. Large oceans moderate the climatic temperatures of surrounding coastal land areas because the temperature of ocean water changes
(1) rapidly, due to water’s low specific heat
(2) rapidly, due to water’s high specific heat
(3) slowly, due to water’s low specific heat
(4) slowly, due to water’s high specific heat

82. Which factor most likely causes two cities at the same elevation and latitude to have different yearly average temperature ranges?
(1) rotation of Earth.
(2) duration of insolation.
(3) distance from a large body of water.
(4) direction of prevailing winds.

83. 3 - PREVAILING WINDS
if the winds blow from water to land, the land will have a marine climate.
Example; The West coast of the United States has more of a marine climate than the east coast.
southwesterlies

84. EXAMPLE 3; PREVAILING WINDS
Shade the areas on the map where prevailing winds enhance a marine climate.

85. The arrows in the cross section below show the prevailing winds moving across northern New York State into Vermont during the summer.
Compared to the climate of location A, the climate of location B is
warmer and wetter
(2) warmer and drier
(3) cooler and wetter
(4) cooler and drier

86. 4 - SURFACE OCEAN CURRENTS

87. currents flowing away from the equator carry warm water to higher latitudes and cause the climate to be warmer and wetter.

88. currents flowing away from the poles, carry cool waters to lower latitudes and cause the climate to be cooler and drier.

89. Which ocean current transports warm water away from Earth’s equatorial region?
(1) Brazil Current (3) Falkland Current
(2) Guinea Current (4) California Current

90. London, England, is located at approximately 51° 30' north latitude and 0° longitude.
Elmira, New York, is located at approximately 42° 10' north latitude and 76° 54' west longitude.
What is one reason why London has a warmer average winter temperature than Elmira?

91. (1) London is located closer to the equator.
(2) London is located at a higher elevation.
(3) London’s climate is modified by the North Atlantic Ocean Current.
(4) London’s climate is modified by its longer duration of insolation.

92. 5 - ELEVATION
the higher the altitude at any given latitude, the cooler the climate.
areas of higher altitude tend to have more precipitation.

93. EXAMPLE 4; ELEVATION
Shade the areas on the map where higher elevations will make the climate colder and wetter.

94. The arrows on the cross section below show the prevailing wind that flows over a mountain. Points A and B represent locations on opposite sides of the mountain.
Which statement correctly describes the differences in the climates of locations A and B?
(1) Location A is warmer and drier than location B.
(2) Location A is cooler and wetter than location B.
(3) Location B is warmer and wetter than location A.
(4) Location B is cooler
and drier than location A.

95. 6 – Prevailing Winds and Mountains
windward side is cooler and wetter.
leeward side is warmer and drier.
diagram;

96. OROGRAPHIC EFFECT – Mountains affect climates
WINDWARD SIDE
LEEWARD SIDE
Rising air cools
(adiabatic cooling due to expansion)
Sinking air warms
(adiabatic heating due to compression
dry rate = -10oC/km
dry rate = 10oC/km
-3 oC
wet rate = -6oC/km
4 km
3 oC
3 km
7 oC
9 oC
2 km
17 oC
dew point
15 oC
1 km
27 oC
25 oC
0 km
37 oC
OROGRAPHIC EFFECT – Mountains affect climates

97. EXAMPLE 5; PREVAILING WINDS AND MOUNTAINS
Shade the side of the mountains that will receive more precipitation. Write the word “dry” to indicate where a ‘rain shadow’ (desert) will occur.
dry

98. The cross section below shows the flow of winds over a mountain ridge.
The heaviest rainfall would most likely occur on which side of this mountain and in which type of air mass?
(1) on the leeward side, in a mP air mass
(2) on the leeward side, in a cT air mass
(3) on the windward side, in a mT air mass
(4) on the windward side, in a cP air mass

99. 7 - VEGETATION
vegetation will keep an area cooler and more humid.