1. Chapter 10
Personality

2. Personality
Personality – Psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual’s behavior in different situations and at different times.

3. Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders.
-Identifies unconscious thoughts and emotions and brings them to consciousness.

4. Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s theory that relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual.

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – Psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness.

6. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos

7. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people toward acts that are sexual, life-giving, and creative.
Libido
Thanatos

8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Drives people to experience sensual pleasure.
Libido
Thanatos

9. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors.
Thanatos

10. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure Id
Superego
Ego

11. ID EGO SUPEREGO Needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material.
In touch with reality; strives to meet the demands of the id and superego in “socially acceptable ways.”
SUPEREGO
Conscience; counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id.

12. The Unconscious Mind ID EGO SUPEREGO PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
REALITY PRINCIPLE
SUPEREGO
MORAL PRINCIPLE

13. Freud’s Model of the Mind

15. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychosexual stages – Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life.
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage

16. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Oedipus complex – According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers.

17. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Identification – The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent.

18. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Penis envy– According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis – a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.

19. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Fixation– Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage.
Oral Fixations

20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Ego defense mechanisms – Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety.
8 Defense Mechanisms:
Repression
Denial
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Displacement
Regression
Sublimation
Projection

21. 1. Repression: excluding unacceptable thoughts from awareness.
2. Denial: avoiding a difficult situation by pretending it doesn’t exist.
3. Rationalization: giving socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable behaviors.
4. Reaction formation: acting the opposite of how you actually feel.

22. 5. Displacement: shifting your reaction from the real source of your distress. 6. Regression: adopting childlike behaviors that were effective ways of dealing with stress as a child. 7. Sublimation: gratifying sexual or aggressive desires in ways that are socially acceptable. 8. Projection: attributing our own unconscious desires to other people.

23. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests – Personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s concept of projection.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach inkblot technique

24. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures.

25. Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of 10 inkblots.

26. NEO-FREUDIANS Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler Gordon Allport
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura

27. Carl Jung
Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id.
Collective unconscious – Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people.

28. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow

29. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow

30. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves.
Anima
Shadow

31. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Introversion – The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience–one’s own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert.
Extraversion – The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one’s attention outward, toward others.

32. Karen Horney
Thought Freud exaggerated the role of sex drives in human behavior and misunderstood sexual motives of women.
Developed feminine psychology.

33. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic anxiety – An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment.
Neurotic needs – Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory; these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme.

34. Horney’s 10 Neurotic Needs
1. Need for affections and approval
2. Need for a partner; dread of being left alone
3. Need to restrict one’s life and remain inconspicuous
4. Need for power and control over others
5. Need to exploit others
6. Need for recognition or praise
7. Need for personal admiration
8. Need for personal achievement
9. Need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. Need for perfection

35. Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
Inferiority Complex
An exaggerated feeling of weakness and inadequacy which stems from childhood.
Compensation
– Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies.

36. Humanistic Theories Humanistic Theories include:
Gordon Allport’s trait theory
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality
Carl Roger’s fully functioning person

37. Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic
Traits – Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions.
Central traits form the basis of personality.
Secondary traits include preferences and attitudes.
Cardinal traits define peoples lives.

38. Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials.

39. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Fully functioning person – Term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality.

40. Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings.
Unconditional positive regard – Love or caring without conditions attached.

41. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – Movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology.

42. Bandura: Social Learning
Observational learning – Process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others.
BoBo Doll Experiment

43. Reciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
Process in which the person, situation, and environment mutually influence each other.

44. Locus of Control
Locus of control – An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate.
Internal vs. External
Julian Rotter

45. What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
Another approach describes personality in terms of stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types.

46. Personality (Hippocrates)
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance.
Blood (cheerful)
Phlegm (cool)
Black Bile (depressed)
Yellow Bile (angry)

47. Personality and Temperament
Temperament – Basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual’s behaviors.

48. Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Cattell identified 16 personality factors
Big 5 - Psych Central

49. Assessing Traits NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
Reliability and validity are important attributes of good psychological tests!

50. The MMPI-2 567 True/False Questions
Description
What is Measured
No. of Items
Hypochondriasis
Concern with bodily symptoms 32
Depression
Depressive Symptoms 57
Hysteria
Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities 60
Psychopathic Deviate
Conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society's rules 50
Masculinity/Femininity
Stereotypical masculine or feminine interests/behaviors 56
Paranoia
Level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity 40
Psychasthenia
Worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness 48
Schizophrenia
Odd thinking and social alienation 78
Hypomania
Level of excitability 46
Social Introversion
People orientation 69
567 True/False Questions
Originally developed to identify psychiatric disorders.
Sample Questions:
I have a good appetite.
Sometimes I like to stir up some excitement.
I work under a great deal of tension.
I often think people are watching me.

51. Traits and the Person-Situation Debate
Person-situation controversy – Theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior.

52. Patterns in Personality
Type – Especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person’s personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

53. The Myers-Briggs Test Characterizes personality on 4 different scales:
1. Extraversion vs Introversion
2. Intuition vs Sensing
3. Feeling vs Thinking
4. Judging vs Perceiving

54. Implicit Personality Theories
Implicit personality theories Assumptions about personality that are held by people to simplify the task of understanding others.
Fundamental attribution error (FAE) Assumption that another person’s behavior (especially undesirable behavior) is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation.

55. Personality Across Cultures
Assumptions people make vary widely across cultures–depending especially on whether the culture emphasizes individualism or collectivism.
Other cultural differences involve:
Status of different age groups and sexes
Romantic love
Stoicism
Locus of control
Thinking vs. feeling