1. Forensic Anthropology
Studying Bones to Solve Crime

2. Male vs. Female

3. Male and Female Cranium Difference
A) The mans cranial mass is more blocky and massive compared to the females which is rounder and tapers at the top. B) Temporal Ridge - runs along the outer side of the upper skull creating the square shaped of the upper head. More prominent in men than women. C) A woman's supraorbital margin (the ridge above the eyes) is sharper, while the males is rather round and dull. D) The Zygomatic bone (the cheekbone that lies under the lower eye ridge) is more pronounced on the male skull. E) The Mandible (lower jaw) bone of a woman is rounded, while the male's is squared. F) Frontal bone forehead structure terminates at the brow. The male forehead is lower and more slopping. G) Men have a deeper cranial mass. H) The supercilary arch is large and pronounced in the man. I) A males gonion (most posterior inferior point on angle of mandible) is more flared out and sharply angled. J) The teeth of men tend to be larger.

5. Male vs. Female

6. Male vs. Female
Three of the many differences between the male and female pelvis. Females generally have wide, broad notches (a). Adult females have moderate to deep indentations while males have little or no indentations in this area (b). The elevation surfaces in males are generally flat while females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation (c).

7. Males vs. Females

8. AGE
Toddler
Infant
Adolescent
AGE OF SKULLS
Adult
Elderly

9. Age of Skulls
Birth- The skull is large in proportion to the other parts of the skeleton, but the base is short and narrow. The facial portion is small and equals only about one-eighth of the bulk of the cranium as compared to an adult. This is due to the non-eruption of the teeth.
Toddler- With the eruption of the teeth, there is an enlargement of the face and jaws.
The skull grows rapidly from birth to the seventh year, but the greater part of the increase of its cranial part occurs during the first year owing to the rapidity of the growth of the brain in that period.
Elderly- In old age the skull generally becomes thinner and lighter, and can increase in thickness and weight. The most striking feature of the skull is the size of the mandible and maxilla due to the loss of the teeth which can also alter the angles of the mandible and jaw.

10. Race of Skulls

11. Race of Skulls
Mongoloid
Negroid
Caucasoid

13. Race of Skulls
Forensic anthropologists using multiple features claim at best 85% accuracy in their assessment of racial ancestry.
Shape of the eye orbits, viewed from the front. Africans tend to a more rectangular shape, East Asians more circular, Europeans tend to have an ``aviator glasses'' shape.
Nasal bridge: Africans tend to have an arching shape, Europeans tend to have high nasal bones with a peaked angle, Asians tend to have low nasal bones with a slight angle.
Nasal aperture: Africans tend to have wide nasal apertures, Europeans narrow.
Zygomatic form: Asians tend to have anteriorly projecting cheekbones. The border of the frontal process (lateral to the orbit) faces forward. In Europeans and Africans, these face more laterally and the zygomatic recedes more posteriorly.

14. Facial Reconstruction
Forensic facial reconstruction is the process of recreating the face of an individual (whose identity is often not known) from their skeletal remains through use of artistry, forensic science, anthropology, osteology, and anatomoy.
It is easily the most subjective—as well as one of the most controversial—techniques in the field of forensic anthropology. Despite this controversy, facial reconstruction has proved successful frequently enough that research and developments continue to allow it to be used.