1. ESL 186 – Week 15
Professor Danielsen
Purdue University Writing Lab

2. Announcements Essay #2 final draft due Wednesday!
Essay #3 Draft #2 due Wednesday!
Final Draft for Essay #3 is due the last day of class.
After break I will be available for conferencing, otherwise this time is for workshopping/working on your essay.
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3. Cross-referencing: Using MLA Format
Rationale: Welcome to “Cross-referencing: Using MLA Format.” This presentation is designed to introduce your students to the purposes of documentation, as well as methods for effectively using parenthetical citations and a Works Cited page. The twenty-two slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator in an interactive presentation of strategies for using MLA style. This presentation is ideal for the beginning of a research unit in a humanities course or any assignment that requires MLA documentation.
This presentation may be supplemented with OWL handouts, including “Using MLA Format.” ( “Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words” ( “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” ( and “Avoiding Plagiarism” (
Directions: Each slide is activated by a single mouse click, unless otherwise noted in bold at the bottom of each notes page.
Writer and Designer: Jennifer Liethen Kunka
Contributors: Muriel Harris, Karen Bishop, Bryan Kopp, Matthew Mooney, David Neyhart, and Andrew Kunka
Developed with resources courtesy of the Purdue University Writing Lab
Grant funding courtesy of the Multimedia Instructional Development Center at Purdue University
© Copyright Purdue University, 2000.
A workshop brought to you by the
Purdue University Writing Lab
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4. Cross-Referencing Your Sources
Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.
This slide explains the importance of cross-reference your sources.
It may be helpful to discuss this in terms of a community. Writers of research papers enter a community of reseachers by sharing the sources they’ve found.
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5. Using a Consistent Format
Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.
It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.
Using APA properly will allow you to communicate more effectively with other researchers who also use APA. When a style is used consistently, others can easily find where you’ve listed your resources.
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6. Establishing Credibility
The proper use of MLA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.
This slide explains how using APA can establish your credibility as a researcher.
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7. Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your sources in MLA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.
Key Concepts: Plagiarism is a serious offense in the university system, and may result in punishments ranging from failure of the assignment, failure of the course, or expulsion from school.
There is a handout on OWL about plagiarism and can be found at
Click to reveal each item.
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8. Parenthetical Citations
MLA Style: Two Parts
Works Cited Page
Parenthetical Citations
Rationale: This slide establishes the two areas of MLA documentation, the Works Cited page and parenthetical citations.
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9. What is a Works Cited Page?
A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essay
Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.
Key Concepts: This slide explains the purpose of a works cited page. Students may also understand this to be called the “bibliography” page. The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the works cited page. The works cited page appears at the end of the paper.
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10. Works Cited
Most citations should contain the following basic information:
Author’s name
Title of work
Publication information
Rationale: This slide shows the basic information needed for entries on the works cited page.
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11. A Sample Works Cited Page
Smith 12
Works Cited
Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. New York: Penguin, Print.
Miller, Laura. “The Fall of Man.” Salon.com. Salon, 20 May Web.
21 May 2007.
Stout, David. “F.A.A. Orders Toddler Seats on Airliners.” New York Times 16 Dec. 1999, late ed.: A 17. Lexis Nexis Academic. Web. 4 Aug
Key Concepts: This slide offers students a sample of what a Works Cited page looks like.* For this particular paper, four sources were used. The first and second sources are reprints of earlier published novels, hence the use of the two dates. The second source has three dashed lines in place of the author, Charles Dickens. This is to indicate that the same author wrote both concurrently listed works. The third source is a book published in Note the abbreviations for “University” and “Press.” The fourth source is an article from a continually paginated journal.
The facilitator may choose to explain the form of this page. Note that “Works Cited” is centered at the top. All sources are double spaced and alphabetized according to author. All lines after the first line of an entry should be indented five spaces. The facilitator may also choose to reference students to the final pages on the Writing Lab MLA handout, which also offers a sample Works Cited.
* From “’I am Born:’ The Birth of Identity in David Copperfield and Bleak House” by Jennifer L. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript).
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12. Works Cited Page Format
Alphabetize entries
Double space
Use a hanging indent
Use a separate page from essay
Every source entered on the Works Cited page must be in the essay, and every source used in the essay must be on the Works Cited page.
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13. Works Cited: Article from a Print Magazine or Periodical
Doig, Will. “America’s Real First Family.” Advocate 17 July 2007: Print.
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14. Works Cited: Article from a Magazine or Periodical retrieved from a Library Database
Braus, Patricia. “Sex and the Single Spender.” American Demographics April (1993): Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 July 2014.
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15. Works Cited
What other types of sources might you need to list on your Works Cited page?
Study the basics of MLA citation format. When something odd comes up, look it up.
Activity: This slide allows participants a moment to ask questions of the facilitator. If students are working on a research assignment, they may have specific questions that pertain to their own papers. The facilitator may answer questions using the MLA Handbook or the MLA handout from the Writing Lab.
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16. Parenthetical Citations Works Cited Page
MLA Style: Two Parts
Parenthetical Citations
Works Cited Page
Rationale: This slide establishes the two areas of MLA documentation, the Works Cited page and parenthetical citations.
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17. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When quoting any words that are not your own
Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks
Key Concepts: The next two slides explain the occasions in which MLA citations will be necessary, as well as explains the differences between quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing. Students will be most familiar with the need to site for quotations, but the facilitator should stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.
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18. When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?
When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words
When paraphrasing a source
Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
Key Concepts: This slide explains explains the differences between summarizing and paraphrasing. The facilitator may stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.
Click to reveal each item.
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19. Keys to Parenthetical Citations
Readability
Keep references brief
Give only information needed to identify the source on your Works Cited page
Do not repeat unnecessary information
Key Concepts: This slide emphasizes the need to keep parenthetical citations within a paper brief. The information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the Works Cited page. The following slides give examples of how to use parenthetical references.
Click to reveal each item.
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20. In-Text Citations: the Basics
MLA Parenthetical Citation Guidelines
Parenthetical citations depend on the medium
(e.g. Print, Web)
Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s
entry on the Works Cited page
Signal word in the text is the first thing in the
corresponding entry on the Works Cited page
Basic In-Text Citation Rules
In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase.
General Guidelines
･The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the sourceﾕs entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page.
･Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. 20

21. Book: In-text and Works Cited Page
In-text Example from a book as a source:
First time introducing a quote: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).
After first time, OK to put writer’s name in-text citation only: Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
Do not repeat words. Keep in-text citation informative but brief: Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry (Book):
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford
UP, Print.
In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The both citations in the in-text examples on this slide, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the information in the corresponding Works Cited entry also shown on this slide. Reduce font size on slide to allow breathing room and space. Also, use a different font for the sample text so instructions look different from the excerpt. 21

22. Handling Quotes in Your Text
Quotes should not be too long.
Use quotes to back a point that you are making, to explain or to give an expert opinion.
Do not over quote; most of the writing should be yours, not quotations.
If you run into something unusual, look it up!
Rationale: This slide reminds participants that MLA reference guides should be consulted to answer questions about parenthetical references or Works Cited page entries. At this point, the facilitator may choose to field questions regarding MLA documentation.
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23. Where can you go for additional help with MLA documentation?
Fullerton College Library Website
Check our web site:
See Ms. Danielsen
Textbook
Rationale: As the presentation concludes, the facilitator can remind students that they can come to the Writing Lab for extra help with MLA style.
Click mouse after the title question.
Purdue University Writing Lab
Purdue University Writing Lab