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Groundwater Science, 2nd edition
Chapter 7
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Figure 7.1 Plan view of three wells in a confined aquifer (Example 7.1). The wells are at points M, N, and O. The coordinates are listed below each well in the form (x, y).
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Figure 7.2 Head contours (dashed) for the uniform flow solution for Example 7.1. Streamlines are shown in blue.
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Figure 7.3 Radial flow to a well, showing the aquifer top and bottom. The discharge of the well Q must flow through the sides of a cylinder centered on the well.
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Figure 7.4 Vertical section through a confined aquifer near a pumping well and two observation wells, for Example 7.2.
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Figure 7.5 Head contours (dashed) and streamlines (blue) using the radial flow model for Example 7.2.
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Figure 7.6 Head contours (dashed) and streamlines (blue) for the uniform recharge/leakage solution: D = 0 (top), D = 1/4 (middle), and D = 1/2 (bottom).
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Figure 7.7 Head contours and flow pathlines generated by AnAqSimEDU for an example with uniform recharge and an irregular polygon boundary. Arrows on pathlines are at one-year intervals. Close spacing of arrows occurs where the gradient and velocity is small near the highest head. Wide spacing of arrows occurs where the gradient and velocity are high near the margins.
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Figure 7.8 Contour map of the water table in an unconfined aquifer in an upland area (Example 7.3). Heads are in feet.
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Figure 7.9 Head contours (dashed) and streamlines (blue) for a solution for two wells in a uniform flow.
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Figure 7.10 Head contours (dashed) and streamlines (blue) for a solution for one well and a uniform flow. The flow stagnates at point
S (qx = qy = 0).
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Figure 7.11 Geometry of the capture zone for a well in a uniform flow field.
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Figure 7.12 Head contours and flow pathlines for the AnAqSimEDU model CaptureZone.anaq. Arrows on the pathlines are at one-year time increments.
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Figure 7.13 Head contours (dashed) and pathlines (blue) for a solution for one well and uniform recharge, where Eqs. 7.6 and 7.14 are superposed. The capture zone in this case covers a finite area.
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Figure 7.14 Head contours (dashed) and pathlines (blue) for a solution for two wells with opposite discharge.
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Figure 7.15 Plan view of the geometry of the real well, image well, and straight constant head boundary.
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Figure 7.16 Solution for a well near a constant head boundary with uniform flow perpendicular to the boundary.
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Figure 7.17 A well near a lakeshore (Example 7.4).
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Figure 7.18 Constant head contours (dashed) and pathlines (blue) for a solution for two pumping wells (1,2) and one injection well (3) near a constant head boundary, with image wells (4,5,6).
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Figure 7.19 Head contours (dashed) and pathlines (blue) for a solution for two wells of equal discharge.
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Figure 7.20 Plan view of the geometry of the real well, image well, and straight no-flow boundary.
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Figure 7.21 Vertical cross-section of a well near a slurry wall (Example 7.5).
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Figure 7.22 Location of a real well and an image well with respect to a circular constant head boundary.
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Figure 7.23 Three wells and their images near a circular constant head boundary.
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Figure 7.24 Well near a river for Example 7.6.
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Figure 7.25 Well in a confined aquifer near a lake for Example 7.7. Plan view (left) and vertical cross-section along x axis (right).
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Figure 7.26 Ditch at the top of a confined aquifer with radial flow in the x, z plane (Example 7.8).
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Figure 7.27 Flow net for flow under an impermeable dam, with an irregular impermeable aquifer base. Lines of constant head are dashed; streamlines are blue. A circle is inscribed in one box to demonstrate proper “squareness.”
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Figure 7.28 Vertical cross-sections illustrating the boundary conditions at the water table and at a seepage face. Lines of constant head are dotted and streamlines are solid. The water table is a streamline if there is no recharge (left), but it is not a streamline when there is recharge (middle). A seepage face (right) is not a streamline, nor is it a line of constant head.
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Figure 7.29 Flow through one square of a flow net.
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Figure 7.30 Flow net for the situation of Figure 7.27, but with Kx = 4Kz. The flow net is drawn in the stretched coordinates of the X, Z domain, where (top). When the flow net is transformed back to the real x, z coordinates (bottom), the boxes are not square and the intersections are not right angles.
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Figure 7.31 A square in the real x, y domain (left) is transformed to a rectangle in the X, Y domain. The equivalent isotropic conductivity of the transformed domain is chosen so that Qx = QX and Qz = QZ.
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Figure 7.32 Map view (top) and vertical cross-section view (bottom) of a well near a river. The cross-section is drawn true to scale, with the same scale in the vertical and horizontal directions.
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Figure 7.33 Transformed vertical cross-sections of the sandstone aquifer for Kx/Kz = 10 (top) and Kx/Kz = 100 (bottom).
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Figure 7.34 Unconfined aquifer near a lakeshore with an observation well (Example 7.10).
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Figure 7.35 Unconfined aquifer between two parallel canals (Example 7.11).
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Figure 7.36 Plan view of a circular island in a lake, with a well at the center of the island (Example 7.12). Inside of radial distance rd, all recharge flows to the well. Outside rd, all recharge flows to the lake.
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Figure 7.37 Vertical section through unconfined aquifer with two irrigation ditches (Problem 3).
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Figure 7.38 Contours of the water table in an upland area of an unconfined aquifer. The heads are highest in the center of the closed contours and the interval between adjacent contours is 0.1 ft ( m) (Problem 4).
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Figure 7.39 Plan view of a zone of contamination (Problem 6).
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Figure 7.40 Map view of a pumping well and injection well near an impermeable foundation wall (Problem 11). Coordinates (x, y) are given in meters.
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Figure 7.41 Map view of a pumping well near an impermeable slurry wall and a canal (Problem 12).
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Figure 7.42 Pumping well near streams and a wetland (Problem 14).
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Figure 7.43 Cross-section of a dam with a clayey till cutoff zone beneath (Problem 18).
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Figure 7.44 Cross-section of an unconfined aquifer between two canals (Problem 20).
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