1. The Cutaneous Microbiome and Aspects of Skin Antimicrobial Defense System Resist Acute Treatment with Topical Skin Cleansers 
Aimee M. Two, Teruaki Nakatsuji, Paul F. Kotol, Evangelia Arvanitidou, Laurence Du-Thumm, Tissa R. Hata, Richard L. Gallo 
Journal of Investigative Dermatology 
Volume 136, Issue 10, Pages (October 2016)
DOI: /j.jid
Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Antimicrobial peptides and the skin microbiome after the use of skin cleansers. (a) LL-37 on human skin 5 minutes after washing with indicated soaps. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 22). ***P ≤ (b) Total bacterial DNA abundance at indicated times after washing with soap D as measured by qPCR of16S RNA (n = 10). (c) Relative abundance of S. epidermidis 6 hours after washing with soap D, which does not contain antimicrobial compounds, and soaps E and F, both of which contain antimicrobial compounds. There was no significant difference in S. epidermidis abundance at any of the time points tested after washing with any of the different soaps. (d) Bacterial taxa identified by 16S sequencing on five participants’ forearms before washing, 10 minutes after washing (D0), or 1 or 3 days after washing with either water or soap. (e) No significant difference in the α-diversity was detected between the left arm (washed with water) and the right arm (washed with soap D) on any of the days tested. Data represent mean ± SEM of data from 10 subjects. (f) PCoA plot analysis displaying similarity of composition of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences on the skin surface before (Prewash) and after washing with water or soap D. SEM, standard error of the mean; PCoA, principal coordinate analysis; qPCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; rRNA, ribosomal RNA.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Resistance against survival of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) after the use of skin cleansers. GAS survival at the skin surface after washing with a control soap (soap D) compared with two soaps containing the same detergent but with the addition of antimicrobial compounds (soaps E and F). Subjects' forearms were washed and rinsed prior to GAS application. Data were normalized to the number of GAS colonies surviving after washing with control soap. (a) Thirty minutes after removing the bacteria-coated agar disk, the number of GAS colonies surviving on the forearms of participants washed with soap E (contains triclocarban) was significantly less than the number of GAS colonies surviving on forearms washed with control soap without antimicrobial compound added (P = 0.01). (b) Sixty minutes after removing the bacteria-coated agar disk, there were significantly fewer bacteria colonies surviving on the forearms of participants that had been washed with soap F (contains benzalkonium chloride) (P = 0.006). Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 10). SEM, standard error of the mean.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /j.jid )
Copyright © 2016 The Authors Terms and Conditions