1. RESEARCH METHODS Lecture 17

2. MEASUREMENT OF CONCEPTS (CONTD)

3. STATEMENTS Statements Agree 1
No.
Statements
S. Agree
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
S. Disagree 1
I have a good opportunity for advancement in my job 2
I feel very comfortable with my co-workers 3
My pay is adequate to meet my necessary expenses 4
My work gives me a sense of accomplishment 5
My boss is impolite and cold 6
My job is a dead-end job 7
The company of my co-workers is boring 8
Pay at my level is less as compared to other organizations

4. STATEMENTS Statements Agree 9
No.
Statements
S. Agree
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
S. Disagree 9
Most of the time I am frustrated with my work 10
My boss praises good work and is supportive 11
There is a chance of frequent promotions in my job 12
My co-workers are a source of inspiration for me 13
I receive reasonable annual increments 14
My work is very challenging to me 15
My boss is adept in his work 16
We have an unfair promotion policy in our organization

5. STATEMENTS Statements Agree 17
No.
Statements
S. Agree
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
S .Disagree 17
Working style of my co-workers is different from mine 18
The old-age benefits are quite adequate 19
Most of the time I do routine work 20
My boss does not delegate powers 21
Opportunity for promotion is some-what limited here 22
My co-workers try to take credit of my work 23
My pay is commensurate with my qualification

6. Scales and Indexes
For most purposes, scales and indexes are used interchangeably.
Social researchers do not use consistent nomenclature to distinguish between them.

7. Scale
A scale is measure in which a researcher captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a variable construct.
It arranges responses or observations on a continuum. It can use single indicator or multiple indicators
Most are at the ordinal level of measurement

8. Index
A measure in which the researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score.
This composite score is often a simple sum of the multiple indicators. Combination of items into a single numerical score. MCQ score.
Indexes are often measured at the interval or ratio level.
Researchers often combine the features of scales and indexes in a single measure.

9. Scale
Series of items arranged according to value for the purpose of quantification
A continuous spectrum

10. Nominal Scale

11. Ordinal Scale

12. Interval Scale

13. Ratio Scale

14. Scale Properties Uniquely classifies Preserves order Equal intervals
Natural zero

15. Nominal Scale Properties
Uniquely classifies
Male, female
Muslims, non Muslims
Different nationalities
Mutually exclusive categories, though collectively exhaustive.
No overlapping. No gradation

16. Ordinal Scale Properties
Uniquely classifies
Preserves order

17. Interval Scale Properties
Uniquely classifies
Preserves order
Equal intervals
Consumer Price Index (Base 100)
Fahrenheit temperature

18. Ratio Scale Properties
Uniquely classifies
Preserves order
Equal intervals
Natural zero
Weight and distance

19. Index Measures
ATTRIBUTES. A single characteristic or fundamental feature that pertains to an object, person, or issue
COMPOSITE MEASURE. A composite measure of several attributes to measure a single concept; a multi-item instrument