1. 1. 4. Understand how moving ice acts as an
1.4 Understand how moving ice acts as an agent of erosion and deposition.
There are two types of glaciation:
1. Continental Glaciation
2. Alpine Glaciation

2. Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and continental glaciation. (P.32)
Alpine glaciers are glaciers that have formed high in mountain valleys; above the snow-line
Continental Glaciation:
Continental glaciers are glaciers that cover parts of continental land masses; ex. Greenland

3. Similarities Differences
Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and continental glaciation. (P.32)
Similarities
Both move and cause erosion
Both change the landscape
Both developed in constantly cold < 0 0C
Differences
Location
Alpine = mountain
Continental = earth poles
Size
Alpine > smaller
Continental > larger

4. Continental Glaciers of the World
Alpine Glaciers

5. Continental Glaciers of the World

6. Canadian Continental Glaciers 18,000 years ago

7. Canadian Continental Glaciers 10,000 years ago

8. Currently

9. 1. 4. 1. Define the terms outwash plain, terminal
1.4.1 Define the terms outwash plain, terminal moraine, erratics, drumlins & eskers. (P. 33 que. #12)
These features are associated with continental glaciation.
See picture p. 34

10. Outwash Plain Outwash plain:
It is like a river delta. Melting water flows from glacier and deposits silt.
Deposited in layers (sifted)
Small particles carried further away
Larger particles drop closer to the glacier
Outwash plain

11. Outwash Plain: Greenland

13. Terminal Moraine Terminal Moraine
Heap, ridge or pile of bulldozed gravel that marks the end of the forward motion of a glacier
As glacier retreats it’s deposits debris/gravel
P. 34

14. Terminal Moraine indicates Direction
Marks the end of the forward travel.

17. Erratics
Erratics:
Erratics are large boulders that were transported long distances and dropped
They now sit in a region and look very much out-of-place.
P. 34

18. Erratic (South Coast NL)

19. Dropped here 11,000 years ago

20. Drumlins p. 34
Drumlins
Egg shaped hills that are formed under glaciers
Sloped or pointy end points in direction of ice flow
How are drumlins formed?:
Ice melts under glacier
Deposits of gravel made
Glacier moves forward
Deposits are bull-dozed along and catches up in rough areas forming piles or drumlins.

21. Drumlins Indicate Direction of Glacier Movement
The glacier travels in the same direction as the small, pointy end!

25. Eskers p. 34
Eskers:
Eskers are long deposits of eroded glacial material
Formed by sub-glacial streams that deposit material like all rivers.
Highways of the North!!

27. 1. 4. 2. Examine evidence for the direction of movement of. glaciers
1.4.2 Examine evidence for the direction of movement of glaciers. (P. 34 question # 13)
Evidence for direction of movement
Sloped end of drumlin
Location of terminal moraine
What is direction of glacier movement in this picture?

28. Alpine Glaciers

29. 1. 4. 3. Define the terms cirque, arête, hanging valley,
1.4.3 Define the terms cirque, arête, hanging valley, lateral moraine, and terminal moraine. (P. 36)
These features are associated with alpine glaciers

30. 1.4.3 Cirque (P. 36)
Cirque:
A cirque is a circular hollow cut into bedrock during glaciation
Side and back walls are steep but front wall opens downward
How are cirques formed?
Alpine glacier freezes onto mountain valley and as is proceeds it plucks rock from the mountain top leaving the cirque shape.

31. Real Cirques
A cirque but now covered in vegetation
Erratic

32. Arête p. 36
Arête:
Steep knife edged ridge between two cirques in a mountainous region.

33. Hanging Valley Hanging Valley:
A high level tributary valley from which the ground falls sharply to the level of the lower, main valley.
The depth of the lower valley is due to more severe glaciation.

34. Hanging Valley

35. Lateral Moraine & Terminal Moraine
Lateral Moraines:
A lateral moraine is land-form deposited at the side of a glacier
Terminal Moraines:
deposits that mark the farthest extent of the glacier
Lateral Moraines
Terminal Moraine

37. Alpine Glaciers
Alpine glaciers are like very slow moving rivers of ice flowing down high mountain valleys.

38. 1.4.4 Describe how fiords are formed. (P.37)
Alpine Glaciers erode troughs & valleys in the mountain
2. Glacier valley reaches the coast.
3. Glacier melts and sea water floods the valley

39. Fiord in Norway
Norway is well known for its abundant fiords