1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Classification of Plants
Arranged into two major groups:
Presence or absence of vascular tissue
Presence or absence of seeds

3. Non – Vascular Plants
Mosses
Hornworts
Liverworts

4. Mosses

5. Mosses

6. Hornworts

7. Hornworts

8. Liverworts

9. Common Characteristics of Non-Vascular Plants:
Don’t have vascular tissue (root, stem, leaves)
Use diffusion and osmosis to transport nutrients.
Don’t have roots but have root-like structures.
Have male and female gametes

10. Seedless Vascular Plants Characteristics:
Vascular tissue
Gametes need moisture to reproduce sexually
Mostly extinct
Represents the next evolutionary step after non-vascular plants.

11. Vascular Plants
Vascular plants have:
Roots
Stems
Leaves

12. Seedless vascular plants
Include ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.
Do not produce seeds
dispersed (spread) by windblown spores.
Vascular
Sperm are flagellated and require water for reproduction.
limited to moist areas.
Used to be abundant and tree-sized.
Responsible for a part of fossil fuel sources
Leaves of later plants probably evolved from webbing between the branches.

13. Vascular Plants with Seeds
Two types:
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

14. Gymnosperms Means ‘naked seed’ Seeds are on the surface of cone scales
Include coniferous (cone-bearing) trees

15. Gymnosperms
Pine
Trees

16. Fir Trees

17. Spruce trees

18. Cedar Trees

19. Cedar Trees

20. Seeds Advantages of sexual reproduction through seeds:
Protection from environment – can survive cold, dry conditions
Doesn’t need water
Can be carried long distances

21. Reproduction in Gymnosperms
Female cones produce ovules
Male cones produce microspores that develop into pollen grains
Each cone produces thousands of pollen grains
Pollen is dispersed by wind and lands on female cones.
Pollen tube forms – allows sperm to travel
After fertilization, zygote develops in a female cone – may take from several months to 2 yrs.

23. Gymnosperms Advantages of their structure:
Cone shaped – snow slides off
Bark – protects stem, reduces water loss
Needles – reduce rate of evaporation
Evergreen – don’t shed all needles at once: a) Photosynthesis b) Soil

24. Angiosperms ‘Flowering plants’
Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit.
Include flowers, trees, shrubs, grasses, and herbs.

25. Angiosperms Advantages: Scented and colourful Reproduce sexually
Helps pollination (a very precise method of reproduction.)
Reproduce sexually
Can self pollinate
Fruit helps with seed dispersal
47% of them are polyploid (3+ chromosomes)

26. Advantages of Polyploidy
Reproduce asexually (fast & greater numbers)
Even number of chromosomes:
Produces larger fruit
Ex. Potatoes (4n), apples, strawberries
Ex. Wheat: 6n for bread
Odd number of chromosomes:
Sterile – can’t pair during meiosis
Ex: seedless fruit, less bitter cucumbers