3. Figure 2.5 Two simplified models of a helium (He) atom

6. What is the atomic number of
Nitrogen? What does this number
represent?
2)How many neutrons are in a
Sodium atom?
3) On what section of the periodic
table would you find the most
reactive elements?

7. What sort of covalent bonds are seen here?

12. Hydrogen Bonds Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements
In a water molecule electronegative oxygen “hogs” electrons.
This “hogging” of electrons results in which type of bond between oxygen and hydrogen within the water molecule?
Polar covalent

13. Hydrogen bonds occur between two polar molecules, or between different polar regions of one large macro-molecule.
One “relatively” negative region is attracted to a second “relatively” positive region.

15. I. Water Molecule What is a polar molecule?
How does the polarity of water affect this molecule?

16. II. Properties of Water
What are the five characteristics of water that emerge due to this hydrogen bonding?

17. A. Water is Cohesive
Cohesion
Adhesion
Why is it that a person who jumps off a bridge into water, dies?

19. B. Water Has a High Specific Heat
Why is the specific heat of water high?
Where do we see this characteristic in our lives?
Pacific Ocean
Boiling water

20. C. Water has a High Heat of Vaporization
What does this mean?
What does this property of water do?
Moderates the Earth’s climate
Stabilizes the temperature of aquatic ecosystems, which effects the life that lives there.
Allows for evaporative cooling

21. D. Water Expands When It Freezes

22. Important factors that result from water’s expansion as it freezes:
Prevents deep bodies of water from freezing from the bottom up.
As water freezes it releases heat to water below and insulates it.
As water freezes H bonds form releasing heat.As ice melts H bonds break absorbing heat. Both of these factors make seasonal transitions less abrupt!

23. 4) Name two properties of water that
contribute to life on earth.
5) A transfer of electrons between two
elements forms a/an _______ bond
whereas a sharing of electrons results
in a/an _____________ bond.

24. Why ice really does float:

25. E. Water is a Versatile Solvent
Polar compounds dissolve in water.
Nonpolar compounds do not dissolve in water.

26. Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

32. Figure 4.2x Shapes of Molecules
Ethane
Methane
Ethene

33. Figure 4.2 The shapes of three simple organic molecules

34. Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons

35. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

36. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

37. Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose

38. Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

39. Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures

40. Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures

41. 6) The ratio of carbon to hydrogen to
oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate is:
7) Name a monosaccharide, a disaccharide and a polysaccharide.

42. Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

43. Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

44. Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

45. Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

46. Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats

47. Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments   

48. Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

49. Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions

50. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

51. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

52. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

53. Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

54. Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

55. Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein

56. 8) Show the structural formula for butane,
C4 H10.
9) Atoms of the same element which have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons are called ________.
(p. 36)