1. Segregation and Discrimination
Progressive Era
Segregation and Discrimination

2. Legal Discrimination Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Grandfather Clauses
After end of Reconstruction, 1877, African-Americans faced attacks on rights in the South:
Voting Restrictions
Literacy Tests
Poll Taxes
Grandfather Clauses

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4. Legal Discrimination Jim Crow Laws – legally separated races in South
2. Segregation
Jim Crow Laws – legally separated races in South
Schools, parks, hospitals, restaurants, transportation, etc – all legally separated
Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court decision that upheld legal segregation (1896)
Establishes “separate but equal doctrine”
Permits legal racial segregation for 60 years

5. Turn of the Century Race Relations
Formal discrimination in Jim Crow laws
Informal discrimination in social norms
Blacks as second class citizens
Defer to whites socially
RACIAL VIOLENCE in form of lynching.
(1882 – 1892, over 1400 African Americans killed in the South – racially motivated reasons)
Discrimination in Northern cities as well
Segregated neighborhoods, workplace discrimination, etc.

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7. Opposing Views on Equality
Two important activists for African American equality at Turn of the Century:
- Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. Dubois

8. Booker T. Washington
Believed equality could be gained through economic means first
Founded Tuskegee Institute for vocational training
Atlanta Compromise – Washington’s speech that promoted economic equality while not demanding social equality

9. W.E.B. DuBois
Harvard educated activist who demanded immediate and full equality
Niagra Movement, led by DuBois, opposed Washington’s viewpoint
Believed liberal arts education was as important as vocational for blacks
Key role in founding of NAACP

10. Ida Wells Crusade
Teacher, journalist, and speaker – vocal lynching opponent
Exposed lynching to much of Northern society

11. Western Discrimination
Mexican workers faced discrimination in the West
Debt Peonage system forced many into slave-like conditions
Continued discrimination against Chinese workers – “Chinese exclusion”

12. From http://www.ncpedia.org