1. Nuclear Energy

2. Recall:

3. Recall:
Energy transformations come in two main types

4. Recall: Energy transformations come in two main types
Energy type  energy type (e.g. kinetic  potential)

5. Recall: Energy transformations come in two main types
Energy type  energy type (e.g. kinetic  potential)
Energy  Mass

6. Recall: Energy transformations come in two main types
Energy type  energy type (e.g. kinetic  potential)
Mass  Energy
For the rest of the unit, this is the energy transformation we are referring to

7. Nuclear energy Energy transformations come in two main types
Energy type  energy type (e.g. kinetic  potential)
Mass  Energy
Nuclear energy, on the other hand, comes from transforming mass into energy

8. Nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions

9. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions

10. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:

11. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged

12. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed

13. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end

14. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end
Example: 2 𝐻 2 + 𝑂 2 →2 𝐻 2 𝑂

15. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end
Example: 2 𝐻 2 + 𝑂 2 →2 𝐻 2 𝑂
Nuclear reactions:

16. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end
Example: 2 𝐻 2 + 𝑂 2 →2 𝐻 2 𝑂
Nuclear reactions:
The nucleus of atoms are changed

17. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end
Example: 2 𝐻 2 + 𝑂 2 →2 𝐻 2 𝑂
Nuclear reactions:
The nucleus of atoms are changed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are different from those at the end

18. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear reactions
Nuclear reactions are very different from chemical reactions
Chemical reactions:
Atoms are rearranged
Bonds are broken/formed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are the same at the end
Example: 2 𝐻 2 + 𝑂 2 →2 𝐻 2 𝑂
Nuclear reactions:
The nucleus of atoms are changed
The number and type of atoms at the beginning of the reaction are different from those at the end
Example: 4𝐻→2𝐻𝑒

19. Nuclear reactions
Nuclear energy can be created through two types of nuclear reactions
Fission
Fusion

20. Nuclear reactions
Nuclear energy can be created through two types of nuclear reactions
Fission: breaking apart a large atom into several small atoms, releasing energy
Fusion

21. Nuclear reactions
Nuclear energy can be created through two types of nuclear reactions
Fission: breaking apart a large atom into several small atoms, releasing energy
Fusion: combining two small atoms to form one larger atom, releasing energy

22. Fission reactions
When a large atom is split into two or more smaller atoms, releasing energy

23. Fission reactions
When a large atom is split into two or more smaller atoms, releasing energy
Example: Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy

24. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy

25. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy

26. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)

27. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)
The mass lost over the course of this reactions is converted into energy according to the equation: 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2

28. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)
The mass lost over the course of this reactions is converted into energy according to the equation: 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2
Fission reaction of one atom of uranium:

29. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)
The mass lost over the course of this reactions is converted into energy according to the equation: 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2
Fission reaction of one atom of uranium:
m = mass = 3.6 x 10 −28 kg

30. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)
The mass lost over the course of this reactions is converted into energy according to the equation: 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2
Fission reaction of one atom of uranium:
m = mass = 3.6 x 10 −28 kg
c = speed of light in a vacuum = 3.0 x m/ 𝑠 2

31. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
The mass of reactants (uranium and one neutron) is actually greater than the mass of the products (barium, krypton, and neutrons)
The mass lost over the course of this reactions is converted into energy according to the equation: 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2
Fission reaction of one atom of uranium:
m = mass = 3.6 x 10 −28 kg
c = speed of light in a vacuum = 3.0 x m/ 𝑠 2
E = (3.6 x 10 −28 ) (3.0 x ) 2 = 3.2 x 10 −11 Joules

32. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
This may not seem like a lot of energy but:

33. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
This may not seem like a lot of energy but:
A 747 requires 720,000,000,000 J of energy

34. Uranium + neutron  barium + krypton + 3 neutrons + energy
This may not seem like a lot of energy but:
A 747 requires 720,000,000,000 J of energy
If we used fission to power the 747 we would only need 8.7g of uranium!!!!

35. Fission reactions
Nuclear power plants use fission reactions to produce electricity
Homer saves the day

36. Fission reactions
Nuclear power plants use fission reactions to produce electricity
Atomic bombs are powered by fission reactions

37. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom, releasing energy

38. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom
Example: 4H  2He + energy

39. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom
Example: 4H  2He + energy
The mass of the reactants (hydrogen) is greater than the products (helium)

40. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom
Example: 4H  2He + energy
The mass of the reactants (hydrogen) is greater than the products (helium)
Over the course of this reaction, the overall mass decreases by 2.8 x 10 −29 kg

41. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom
Example: 4H  2He + energy
The mass of the reactants (hydrogen) is greater than the products (helium)
Over the course of this reaction, the overall mass decreases by 2.8 x 10 −29 kg
According to our equation 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2 , this reaction produces:
E = (2.8 x 10 −28 ) (3.0 x ) 2 = 2.5 x 10 −11 Joules

42. Fusion reactions
When two small atoms are combined to form one larger atom
Example: 4H  2He + energy
The mass of the reactants (hydrogen) is greater than the products (helium)
Over the course of this reaction, the overall mass decreases by 2.8 x 10 −29 kg
According to our equation 𝐸=𝑚 𝑐 2 , this reaction produces:
E = (2.8 x 10 −28 ) (3.0 x ) 2 = 2.5 x 10 −11 Joules
In order to power a 747 jet you would only need 0.19g of hydrogen!!

43. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4x more energy than fission reactions

44. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4x more energy than fission reactions
Fusion reactions power the sun (and therefore the Earth)

45. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4 x more energy than fission reactions
Fusion reactions power the sun (and therefore the Earth)
We have not been able to harness the power of fusion reactions to produce electricity

46. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4 x more energy than fission reactions
Fusion reactions power the sun (and therefore the Earth)
We have not been able to harness the power of fusion reactions to produce electricity
Require high temperature and pressure

47. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4 x more energy than fission reactions
Fusion reactions power the sun (and therefore the Earth)
We have not been able to harness the power of fusion reactions to produce electricity
Require high temperature and pressure
The invention of ‘cold fusion’ would revolutionize energy production

48. Fusion reactions
Fusion reactions produce about 4 x more energy than fission reactions
Fusion reactions power the sun (and therefore the Earth)
We have not been able to harness the power of fusion reactions to produce electricity
Require high temperature and pressure
The invention of ‘cold fusion’ would revolutionize energy production
H-bombs are powered by fusion reactions (a fission reaction contributes the energy to initiate the fusion reaction)