1. Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral?
Interest Grabber
Section 21-1
Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral?
Have you ever eaten mushrooms? Perhaps you have seen them growing from the ground in a forest or yard. Perhaps you have seen them for sale in a supermarket.
1. What are some things that you know about mushrooms?
2. Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer.

2. Red Fungus

4. Jelly Fungus

5. Section Outline 21–1 The Kingdom Fungi A. What Are Fungi?
B. Structure and Function of Fungi
C. Reproduction in Fungi
D. How Fungi Spread

6. Click the image to play the video segment.
Fungi
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1

8. Hyphae Structure Section 21-1 Hyphae With Cross Walls
Nuclei
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Hyphae With Cross Walls
Hyphae Without Cross Walls

9. Figure 21-2 The Structure of a Mushroom
Section 21-1
Fruiting body
Hyphae
Mycelium

10. Interest Grabber Fungi and You
Section 21-2
Fungi and You
Believe it or not, fungi play an important role in your life. The bread you eat, the salad you make, and the medicine that you take when you are sick may include various types of fungi.
1. List as many examples of fungi that you can.
2. How are fungi helpful to humans?
3. How are fungi harmful to humans?

11. Section Outline 21–2 Classification of Fungi A. The Common Molds
1. Structure and Function of Bread Mold
2. Life Cycle of Molds
B. The Sac Fungi
1. Life Cycle of Sac Fungi
2. Yeasts
C. The Club Fungi
1. Life Cycle of Club Fungi
2. Diversity of Club Fungi
3. Edible and Inedible Mushrooms
D. The Imperfect Fungi

12. are divided into the phyla
Concept Map
Section 21-2
Fungi
are divided into the phyla
Ascomycota
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycota
includes
includes
includes
includes
Common molds
Sac fungi
Club fungi
Imperfect fungi

13. Figure 21-5 The Life Cycle of Rhizopus
Section 21-2
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
+ Mating type (N)
Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)
Sporangiophore
Gametangia
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Diploid
Haploid

14. Figure 21-7 The Life Cycle of an Ascomycete
Section 21-2
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Conidia (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
Zygote (2N)
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)
Hyphae (N + N)
Gametangia
Asci
Hyphae (N)
Diploid
Haploid
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
MEIOSIS
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction

15. Figure 21-8 The Life Cycle of a Basidiomycete
Section 21-2
Fruiting body (N + N)
Button
Secondary mycelium (N + N)
Primary mycelium (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
Basidia (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
Gills
Stalk
Base
Cap
FERTILIZATION
HYPHAE FUSE
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS

16. Interest Grabber Which Fungi Are They?
Section 21-3
Which Fungi Are They?
You may recall that decomposers break down the remains of other organisms. Parasites are organisms that harm other organisms while living on or within them. Some live in close contact and form a mutually beneficial association with other species.

17. Interest Grabber continued
Section 21-3
Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species.
1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water.
2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels.
3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood.

18. Section Outline 21–3 Ecology of Fungi A. All Fungi Are Heterotrophs
B. Fungi as Decomposers
C. Fungi as Parasites
1. Plant Diseases
2. Human Diseases
3. Other Animal Diseases
D. Symbiotic Relationships
1. Lichens
2. Mycorrhizae

19. Lichen Structure Section 21-3 Densely packed hyphae
Layer of algae/ cyanobacteria
Loosely packed hyphae
Densely packed hyphae

20. Go Online Interactive test Articles on fungi
For links on fungi go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6211.
For links on asexual reproduction, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-6212.
Internet

21. Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are some things that you know about mushrooms?
Possible answers: Mushrooms grow from the soil in dark, damp places. They are eaten by animals, including people. They are soft.
2. Would you classify mushrooms as an animal, a plant, or something else? Give reasons for your answer.
Students will likely say that mushrooms should be classified as something other than plants or animals. Possible reasons: Mushrooms grow in soil, as plants do, but they aren’t green. Mushrooms aren’t animals because they don’t move from place to place as animals do.
Section 1 Answers

22. Interest Grabber Answers
1. List as many examples of fungi that you can.
Mushrooms, mold, yeast, mildew, truffles
2. How are fungi helpful to humans?
They are sources of food and are used in making bread, wine, and medicines.
3. How are fungi harmful to humans?
Some are poisonous and can cause illness or death.
Section 2 Answers

23. Interest Grabber Answers
Classify each of the following fungi as decomposers, parasites, or organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species.
1. A network of fungi covers the roots of fir trees. The trees provide the fungi with food, and the fungi help the tree roots absorb water.
Organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with another species
2. Fungi living on growing corn stalks destroy corn kernels.
Parasites
3. Mushrooms growing on a fallen log obtain food from the decaying wood.
Decomposers
Section 3 Answers

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