1. Managing CKD-Associated Anemia in Challenging Patients

2. Definition of ESA Resistance

3. EPO Resistance

4. Clinical Implications of ESA Use

5. ESA Use in CKD and CV Outcomes Trials

6. ESA Hyporesponse Associated With Higher Mortality in HD

7. HIF-PH Inhibitors Under Development

8. HIF-PH Inhibitor Mechanism of Action

9. Role of HIF-PH Inhibitors in Iron-Restricted, EPO-Deficient Anemias

10. HIF-PH Inhibitors Achieve Target Hb Within or Near Physiologic EPO Cmax Levels

11. Role of the ERFE

13. Efficacy in Raising Hb in Dialysis Patients

14. HIF-PH Inhibitors in ESA-Naive Patients

15. HIF-PH Inhibitors and Inflammatory Markers

16. Potential Consequences of Modulating HIF

17. Effect of Altitude on Anemia, ESA Use, and Mortality

18. Abbreviations

19. Abbreviations (cont)