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Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton
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Homeostasis Protects many organs Supports Stores & releases Ca2+
Participates in movement Forms framework of body
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Figure 7-1 The Axial Skeleton.
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 APPENDICULAR SKELETON AXIAL SKELETON 80 (see Figure 8-1) 8 Cranium Skull 14 Face Skull and associated bones 6 Auditory ossicles 29 Associated bones 1 Hyoid 1 Sternum 25 Thoracic cage 24 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 1 Sacrum 26 Vertebral column 1 Coccyx Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Costal cartilages a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx b Anterior (left) and posterior (right) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible.
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Figure 7-2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.
FACE 14 CRANIUM 8 8 ASSOCIATED BONES 7 7 Maxillae 2 Occipital bone 1 Palatine bones 2 Parietal bones 2 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) 6 Nasal bones Hyoid bone 2 Frontal bone 1 1 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Temporal bones 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Sphenoid 1 Lacrimal bones 2 Ethmoid 1 Vomer 1 Mandible 1 Hyoid bone Frontal bone Nasal bone Parietal bone Lacrimal bone Vomer Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoid Auditory ossicles Maxilla Sphenoid Mandible Occipital bone Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts. Cranial bones surround and protect the brain.
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Figure 7-6 The Frontal Bone.
Supraorbital foramen Frontal sinus Supraorbital margin Lacrimal fossa Frontal (metopic) suture Frons b Inferior (orbital) surface Superior temporal line Glabella Supraorbital margin Supraorbital notch a Anterior surface
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Figure 7-5b The Parietal Bone.
Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line b Right parietal bone, lateral view
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Figure 7-7 The Temporal Bones.
Petrous part Squamous part (cerebral surface) Squamous part Mandibular fossa Internal acoustic meatus External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process Styloid process Mastoid process a Medial view of the right temporal bone b Lateral view of the right temporal bone Mastoid process, cut to show mastoid cells c A cutaway view of the mastoid cells
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Figure 7-5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Foramen magnum External occipital crest Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior view
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Superior orbital fissure
Figure 7-8 The Sphenoid. Foramen rotundum Optic groove Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen ovale Greater wing Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica a Superior surface Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing Greater wing Orbital surface Body Foramen rotundum Pterygoid process Pterygoid plates b Anterior surface
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Superior surface Posterior surface Crista galli
Figure 7-9 The Ethmoid. Crista galli Lateral mass containing ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Superior nasal concha Crista galli Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate a Superior surface b Posterior surface
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Figure 7-11 The Smaller Bones of the Face.
Supraorbital foramen Lacrimal sulcus Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Nasal bone Sphenoid Lacrimal bone Temporal bone Middle nasal concha Zygomaticofacial foramen Inferior nasal concha Temporal process of zygomatic bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Mastoid process Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum
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A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible
Figure 7-12 The Mandible. Articular surface for temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Teeth Mandibular notch Head Ramus Mental protuberance Condylar process Body Mental foramen Angle a A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible Articular surface Alveolar process Condylar process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mylohyoid line Depression for submandibular salivary gland b A medial view of the right mandible
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Nasal Septum Composed of Separates nasal cavity into R & L sides Vomer
Septal cartilage Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Separates nasal cavity into R & L sides
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The Orbit Supraorbital notch Frontal bone Frontal bone Sphenoid
Optic canal Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Nasolacrimal canal Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal sulcus Interior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Infraorbital groove Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital groove Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Maxilla Infraorbital foramen
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Major Structures Using Passageway
Foramina Sagittal suture Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal Bone Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen • Supraorbital nerve (branch of N V) • Supraorbital artery Ethmoid Temporal bone Sphenoid Palatine bone Optic canal • Optic nerve (N II) • Ophthalmic artery Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure • Oculomotor nerve (N III), trochlear nerve (N IV), opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (N V), and abducens nerve (N VI) Zygomatic bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure • Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (N V) Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Infraorbital foramen • Infraorbital nerve, branch of maxillary nerve (N V) Bony nasal septum • Infraorbital artery Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mandible Vomer Anterior view Mental foramen • Mental nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (N V) d Mental protuberance • Mental vessels
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Figure 7-3e The Adult Skull.
Frontal bone Sphenoid Maxilla Foramen lacerum (with temporal and occipital bones) • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Auditory tube Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale • Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (N V) Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Temporal Bone Vomer External acoustic meatus • Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum Styloid process Mandibular fossa Occipital condyle Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Stylomastoid foramen • Facial nerve (N V) Mastoid process Occipital Bone Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries External occipital protuberance Jugular foramen • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (N IX, X, XI) (with temporal bone) Inferior view e
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Sutures Major Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture
Parietal bone (left) Parietal bone (right) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible Posterior view a
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Figure 7-3b The Adult Skull.
Occipital bone Major Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Parietal bone (right) Parietal bone (left) Sagittal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Zygomatic Bone Nasal bones Superior view b
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Figure 7-3c The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures of the Skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Squamous suture Supraorbital foramen Temporal bone Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Ethmoid Infraorbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mental foramen Zygomatic arch Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mental protuberance Lateral view c
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Paranasal Sinuses Parietal Bone Sphenoid Frontal Bone Temporal Bone
Coronal suture Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa within sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Frontal Bone Frontal sinuses Squamous suture Temporal Bone Nasal bone Internal acoustic meatus Ethmoid Styloid process Crista galli Cribriform plate Lambdoid suture Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Occipital Bone Mandible Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum a Sagittal section
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Figure 7-15 The Nasal Complex.
Frontal bone Frontal sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Ethmoid air cells Frontal sinuses Sphenoid Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid Maxillary sinus Nasal bone Nasal conchae of ethmoid Palatine bone (bony palate) Superior Maxilla (bony palate) Middle Inferior nasal concha a Locations of the paranasal sinuses. b A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity. The frontal and sphenoidal sinuses are visible.
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Sphenoidal fontanelle
Fontanels “soft spots” Allow for growth Allows skull to change shape to pass through birth canal Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Mandible Temporal bone Squamous suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Lateral view Sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Superior view a b Frontal suture Sagittal suture Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone Maxilla
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The Hyoid Bone An anterior view of the hyoid bone Greater horn
Lesser horn Body An anterior view of the hyoid bone
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The Vertebral Column Spinal Curves Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Spinal Curves The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrae of the neck. The thoracic curve, a primary curve, accommo- dates the thoracic organs. The lumbar curve, a secondary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs; it develops with the ability to stand. The sacral curve, a primary curve, accommodates the abdominopelvic organs. Thoracic (12 vertebrae) Lumbar (5 vertebrae) Sacral Coccygeal Cervical (7 vertebrae) Vertebral Regions Regions are defined by anatomical characteristics of individual vertebrae. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L2 L3 L4 L5 L1
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Lamina of vertebral arch Arrow passing through vertebral canal
Superior articular facets Intervertebral Disc Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Nucleus pulposis Annulus fibrosis Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral body Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral canal e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae
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Vertebral Anatomy The major components of a typical vertebra
Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral arch Articular processes Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Pedicle Inferior articular facet Vertebral body Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Inferior articular process a The major components of a typical vertebra b A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra Spinous process Superior articular facets Superior articular process Inferior articular process Superior articular process Transverse process Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Inferior articular facet Pedicle Intervertebral disc Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Spinous process Intervertebral disc c An inferior view of a vertebra Transverse process Vertebral body Vertebral body Inferior articular process Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral canal d A posterior view of three articulated vertebrae e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae
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Figure 7-19 The Cervical Vertebrae.
Vertebral arch C1 Spinous process Lamina Vertebral foramen C2 Superior articular process C3 Pedicle C4 C5 Vertebral body C6 Spinous process of vertebra prominens Transverse process Superior articular facet C7 Transverse foramen Costal process a A lateral view of the cervical vertebrae, C1–C7. b A superior view of a representative cervical vertebra showing characteristics of C3–C6. Notice the typical features listed in Table 7–1. Superior articular process Dens of axis Anterior arch Transverse process Inferior articular process Transverse ligament Spinous process Atlas (C1) Bifid tip of spinous process Posterior arch Location of transverse foramen Axis (C2) Inferior articular facet Vertebral body c A lateral view of the same vertebra as in b. d The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in posterolateral view.
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Figure 7-20 The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Vertebra prominens Spinous process Transverse process C7 T1 Lamina T2 Transverse costal facet Intervertebral foramen T3 T4 Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen T5 T5 T6 Superior costal facet T7 Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) Vertebral body T8 T9 b Thoracic vertebra, superior view. T10 T11 Superior costal facet for head of superior rib Transverse costal facet for tubercle of superior rib T12 L1 Transverse process Vertebral body a A lateral view of the thoracic region of the vertebral column. The vertebra prominens (C7) resembles T1, but lacks facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12 resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1) but has a fact for rib articulation. Spinous process Inferior costal facet for head of inferior rib c Thoracic vertebra, lateral view.
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Figure 7-21 The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body L1 Spinous process L2 L3 Inferior articular process L4 Inferior articular facet L5 b A lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra Spinous process Sacrum Superior articular facet Coccyx Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process a A lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx Transverse process Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body c A superior view of the same vertebra shown in part b
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Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 1 of 2).
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Table 7-1 Regional Differences in Vertebral Structure and Function (Part 2 of 2).
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Figure 7-22 The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Base Sacral promontory Ala Ala Sacral tuberosity Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Sacral foramina Median sacral crest Transverse lines Sacral hiatus Sacral curve Sacral cornu Apex Coccygeal cornu Coccyx a A posterior view b A lateral view from the right side c An anterior view
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Figure 7-23 The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch T1 T1 Clavicular articulation 1 T2 1 2 T3 2 1 Sternum 3 T4 3 Manubrium 2 4 4 T5 3 5 T6 5 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) 6 T7 6 4 Xiphoid process 7 T8 7 5 8 T9 Costal cartilages 8 6 10 T10 T11 9 9 7 T11 T12 11 10 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 T12 10 8 11 9 11 False ribs (ribs 8–12) L1 12 12 Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum b A posterior view, showing the articulations of the ribs and vertebrae
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Transverse costal facet Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end)
Figure 7-24 The Ribs. Transverse costal facet Tubercle of rib Angle Neck Vertebral end Demifacet Head (capitulum) a A superior view of the details of rib structure and the articulations between the ribs and thoracic vertebrae Head Neck Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end) Articular facets Tubercle Body Angle Costal groove A posterior view of the head of a representative rib from the right side (ribs 2–9) b
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Clinical Note 7-2 Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis.
b Lordosis c Scoliosis
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